diglyceride lipolysis

The pharmacological inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has emerged as a treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease and/or other metabolic disturbances, although some of the mechanisms implicated in their beneficial effects are unknown. The SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin has been suggested as a regulator of adiposity, energy metabolism, and systemic inflammation in adipose tissue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a 6-week-empagliflozin treatment on the lipidome of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from diabetic obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats using an untargeted metabolomics approach...

Here, the transcriptomics and metabolomics on a model of exposure to a cocktail of neonicotinoids (Neo) containing seven commercial compounds and a synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were established. The results showed that Neo and PBO disrupted mRNA and metabolite levels in a dose-dependent manner. Neo caused tryptophan pathway-related neurotoxicity, reduced lipolysis, and promoted fat mass accumulation in the liver, while PBO induced an increase in inflammatory factors and damage to intercellular membranes...

BACKGROUND: Obesity affects the cargo packaging of the adipocyte-derived exosomes. Furthermore, adipocytes in different adipose tissues have different genetic makeup, the cargo contents of the exosomes derived from different adipose tissues under obesity conditions should be different, and hence their impacts on the pathophysiological conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics show that obesity has more prominent effects on the protein profiles of the exosomes derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT-Exos) in the high fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice than those derived from epididymal adipose tissue (EAT-Exos) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Exos)...

Chemical and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based lipidomics techniques were used to investigate the alternations of lipid profiles in hairtail (Trichiurus haumela) muscle after chilled storage for six days. The chemical results showed that the peroxide values (PVs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) content in the muscle increased significantly, from 0.43 meq/kg of lipids and 0.86 mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg of muscle to 8.36 meq/kg and 10.69 mg MDA/kg, respectively, after six days of chilled storage...

We aimed to investigate how wide-angle turning of eggs during incubation affected yolk utilization and the associated molecular mechanism, along with improved goose embryonic development. In total, 1152 eggs (mean weight: 143.33 ± 5.43 g) were divided equally and incubated in two commercial incubators with tray turning angles adjusted differently, to either 50° or 70°. Following incubation under the standard temperature and humidity level, turning eggs by 70° increased embryonic days 22 (E22), embryo mass, gosling weight at hatching, and egg hatchability, but reduced E22 yolk mass compared with those after turning eggs by 50°...

Obesity-related renal lipotoxicity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prevalent pathologies with complex aetiologies. One hallmark of renal lipotoxicity is the ectopic accumulation of lipid droplets in kidney podocytes and in proximal tubule cells. Renal lipid droplets are observed in human CKD patients and in high-fat diet (HFD) rodent models, but their precise role remains unclear. Here, we establish a HFD model in Drosophila that recapitulates renal lipid droplets and several other aspects of mammalian CKD...

Curcumin (CUR) is an attractive polyphenol for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Poor solubility in water and sensitivity against sunlight are the most challenging characteristics in the development of CUR for clinical use. The aim is to develop oral lipid-based bioactive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (Bio-SNEDDSs) for curcumin as a candidate for cancer therapy. Bio-SNEDDSs containing black seed oil, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides, and surfactants were prepared as CUR delivery vehicles...

The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25% and has continued to increase; however, no drugs have yet been approved for NAFLD treatments. The ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum xanthioides (EFAX) was previously reported to have an anti-hepatic fibrosis effect, but its effects on steatosis or steatohepatitis remain unclear. This study investigated the anti-fatty liver of EFAX using a high-fat diet mouse model. High-fat diet intake for 8 weeks induced hepatic steatosis with mild inflammation and oxidative damage and increased the adipose tissue weight along with the development of dyslipidemia...

To differentiate extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) according to the origin of purchase, such as monocultivar Italian EVOO with protected denomination of origin (PDO) and commercially-blended EVOO purchased in supermarkets, a number of samples was subjected to the analysis of various lipid species by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS, LC-ESI-IT-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1 H-NMR). Many putative chemical markers were extracted as differentiators by uni- and multivariate statistical analysis...

Murine hepatic carboxylesterase 2c ( Ces2c ) and the presumed human ortholog carboxylesterase 2 ( CES2 ) have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and obese humans. These studies demonstrated that Ces2c hydrolyzes triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes. Interestingly, Ces2c / CES2 is most abundantly expressed in the intestine, indicating a role of Ces2c / CES2 in intestinal TG metabolism. Here we show that Ces2c is an important enzyme in intestinal lipid metabolism in mice...

Excess intramyocellular lipids are often accompanied by muscle insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of the formation of intramyocellular lipids is unclear yet. In this study, we optimized the cellular model of intramyocellular lipids from differentiated C2C12 cells and identified that the expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is diminished in this process. Then, we added exogenous recombinant IGFBP5 during myocyte triglyceride (TAG) formation and found decreased lipids accumulation...

Solution proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used in conjunction with in vitro lipolysis to elucidate the time-dependent speciation and release of lipolytic products during the digestion of lipid-loaded inorganic particles, allowing correlations to be made between the phase partitioning of lipolytic products and an encapsulated poorly soluble drug. Silicon dioxide, montmorillonite, and laponite were used to encapsulate medium chain triglycerides into solid-state lipid-based formulations (LBFs), and coumarin 102 was selected as a model poorly soluble compound...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with hepatic insulin resistance and may result primarily from increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (PRIM) or secondarily from adipose tissue lipolysis (SEC). We studied mice with hepatocyte- or adipocyte-specific SREBP-1c overexpression as models of PRIM and SEC. PRIM mice featured increased lipogenic gene expression in the liver and adipose tissue. Their selective, liver-specific insulin resistance was associated with increased C18:1-diacylglycerol content and protein kinase Cε translocation...

The mechanism by which leptin reverses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is unknown. We examined the acute insulin-independent effects of leptin replacement therapy in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of DKA. Leptin infusion reduced rates of lipolysis, hepatic glucose production (HGP), and hepatic ketogenesis by 50% within 6 hours and were independent of any changes in plasma glucagon concentrations; these effects were abrogated by coinfusion of corticosterone. Treating leptin- and corticosterone-infused rats with an adipose triglyceride lipase inhibitor blocked corticosterone-induced increases in plasma glucose concentrations and rates of HGP and ketogenesis...

The compositions of the fatty acids in the 1, 2 and 3 positions of the principal glycerolipids and their various stereoisomers were determined. Fatty acids in the 1 and 3 positions of triglycerides were similar in composition and less unsaturated than those in the 2 position. Fatty acids in the 1,2-, 1,3- and 2,3-diglycerides were distributed in a pattern which indicated isomerization ofsn-1,2-diacylglycerol. Lysophosphatidyl choline (the principal monoacyl lipid) consisted of about 80% 1-acyl and 20% 2-acyl isomers...

Fucoxanthin, a pigment from the chloroplasts of marine brown algae, has a number of effects against obesity, diabetes, inflammation and cancer and provides cerebrovascular protection. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis. Treatment with fucoxanthin suppresses protein levels of the adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and of their target protein, fatty acid binding protein 4...

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) has long been considered as a classical rate-limiting enzyme during lipolysis since it was first described in 1960s. HSL is regulated mainly by catecholamine, including adrenalin. Studies in recent years indicated that the substrates for HSL are not only triglycerides, but also diacylglycerol with the catalytic activity is ten times that of triglycerides, glycerol esters and cholesterol esters, which overthrow the opinion that HSL is specific to triglyceride. The scientists have generated HSL gene knockout mice and confirmed HSL is widely located in the reproductive system, which indicates that HSL may play an important role in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological process in the reproductive system...

A decrease in skeletal muscle lipolysis and hormone sensitive-lipase (HSL) expression has been linked to insulin resistance in obesity. The purpose of this study was to identify potential intrinsic defects in lipid turnover and lipolysis in myotubes established from obese and type 2 diabetic subjects. Lipid trafficking and lipolysis were measured by pulse-chase assay with radiolabeled substrates in myotubes from non-obese/non-diabetic (lean), obese/non-diabetic (obese) and obese/diabetic (T2D) subjects. Lipolytic protein content and level of Akt phosphorylation were measured by Western blot...

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H NMR) is proved to be, for the first time, a very useful technique in monitoring the extent of lipid hydrolysis in digestion processes. Sunflower oil and minced fish flesh, as model foods, were subjected to different in vitro digestion experiments and the lipolysis levels reached were evaluated using (1)H NMR spectral data. Simple observation of the spectra gives very valuable information about the extent of the lipolysis and enables a rapid discrimination among samples having different hydrolysis degree...

CITREM is an emulsifier used in the food industry and contains citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (GCFE). It is generally recognized as safe but no publication on its digestibility under gastrointestinal conditions and impact on fat digestion was available. It was shown here that fatty acids are released from CITREM by gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic-lipase-related protein 2 and carboxyl ester hydrolase. A two-step in vitro digestion model mimicking lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine of term and preterm infants was then used to evaluate the digestibility of CITREM alone, CITREM-containing infant formula and fat emulsions, and isolated GCFE fractions...