Parcellation

The hypothalamus is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which activates stress responses through release of cortisol. It is a small but heterogeneous structure comprising multiple nuclei. In vivo human neuroimaging has rarely succeeded in recording signals from individual hypothalamus nuclei. Here we use human resting-state fMRI (n = 498) with high spatial resolution to examine relationships between the functional connectivity of specific hypothalamic nuclei and a dimensional marker of prolonged stress...

In the past, the cerebellum has been best known for its crucial role in motor function. However, increasingly more findings highlight the importance of cerebellar contributions in cognitive functions and neurodevelopment. Using a total of 7240 neuroimaging scans from 4862 individuals, we describe and provide detailed, openly available models of cerebellar development in childhood and adolescence (age range: 6-17 years), an important time period for brain development and onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. Next to a traditionally used anatomical parcellation of the cerebellum, we generated growth models based on a recently proposed functional parcellation...

The delineation of cortical areas on magnetic resonance images (MRI) is important for understanding the complexities of the developing human brain. The previous version of the Melbourne Children's Regional Infant Brain (M-CRIB-S) (Adamson et al. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 10, 2020) is a software package that performs whole-brain segmentation, cortical surface extraction and parcellation of the neonatal brain. Available cortical parcellation schemes in the M-CRIB-S are the adult-compatible 34- and 31-region per hemisphere Desikan-Killiany (DK) and Desikan-Killiany-Tourville (DKT), respectively...

Transcriptomic contributions to the anatomical, functional, and network layout of the human cerebral cortex (HCC) have become a major interest in cognitive and systems neuroscience. Here, we tested if transcriptomic differences support a modern, algorithmic cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. Using a data-driven approach, we identified a sparse subset of genes that differentially contributed to the cytoarchitectonic parcellation of HCC. A combined metric of cortical thickness and myelination (CT/M ratio), as well as cell density, correlated with gene expression...

The cerebral cortex is populated by specialized regions that are organized into networks. Here we estimated networks from functional MRI (fMRI) data in intensively sampled participants. The procedure was developed in two participants (scanned 31 times) and then prospectively applied to 15 participants (scanned 8-11 times). Analysis of the networks revealed a global organization. Locally organized first-order sensory and motor networks were surrounded by spatially adjacent second-order networks that linked to distant regions...

The early life environment programmes cortical architecture and cognition across the life course. A measure of cortical organisation that integrates information from multimodal MRI and is unbound by arbitrary parcellations has proven elusive, which hampers efforts to uncover the perinatal origins of cortical health. Here, we use the Vogt-Bailey index to provide a fine-grained description of regional homogeneities and sharp variations in cortical microstructure based on feature gradients, and we investigate the impact of being born preterm on cortical development at term-equivalent age...

BACKGROUND: Balance and mobility impairments are prevalent post-stroke and a large number of survivors require walking assistance at 6 months post-stroke which diminishes their overall quality of life. Personalized interventions for gait and balance rehabilitation are crucial. Recent evidence indicates that stroke lesions in primary motor pathways, such as corticoreticular pathways (CRP) and corticospinal tract (CST), may lead to reliance on alternate motor pathways as compensation, but the current evidence lacks comprehensive knowledge about the underlying neural mechanisms...

Post-hurricane damage assessments are often costly and time-consuming. Remotely sensed data provides a complementary method of data collection that can be completed comparatively quickly and at relatively low cost. This study focuses on 15 Florida counties impacted by Hurricane Michael (2018), which had category 5 strength winds at landfall. The present study evaluates the ability of aerial imagery collected to cost-effectively measure blue tarps on buildings for disaster impact and recovery. A support vector machine model classified blue tarp, and parcels received a damage indicator based on the model's prediction...

The orexinergic/hypocretinergic system, while having several roles, appears to be a key link in the balance between arousal and food intake. In birds, to date, this system has only been examined anatomically in four species, all with brains smaller than 3.5 g and of limited phylogenetic range. Here, using orexin-A immunohistochemistry, we describe the distribution, morphology, and nuclear parcellation of orexinergic neurons within the hypothalami of a Congo gray and a Timneh gray parrot, a pied crow, an emu, and a common ostrich...

A large literature demonstrates that social capital has positive effects on outcomes for children, but we know little about whether social capital is durable, i.e., whether its effects persist long after its creation. We use two nationally representative data sets of U.S. high school students and structural equation modeling designed for binomial outcomes to examine the durability of returns to social capital created in the family on both college enrollment and college completion. Controlling for selected school characteristics, race, family, SES and other factors, results suggest that family social capital continues to have strong associations with outcomes increasingly distant from its creation...

The hippocampal subfield prosubiculum (ProS), is a conserved neuroanatomic region in mouse, monkey, and human. This area lies between CA1 and subiculum (Sub) and particularly lacks consensus on its boundaries; reports have varied on the description of its features and location. In this report, we review, refine, and evaluate four cytoarchitectural features that differentiate ProS from its neighboring subfields: (1) small neurons, (2) lightly stained neurons, (3) superficial clustered neurons, and (4) a cell sparse zone...

Detecting parcels accurately and efficiently has always been a challenging task when unloading from trucks onto conveyor belts because of the diverse and complex ways in which parcels are stacked. Conventional methods struggle to quickly and accurately classify the various shapes and surface patterns of unordered parcels. In this paper, we propose a parcel-picking surface detection method based on deep learning and image processing for the efficient unloading of diverse and unordered parcels. Our goal is to develop a systematic image processing algorithm that emphasises the boundaries of parcels regardless of their shape, pattern, or layout...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Thalamic alterations have been reported as a major feature in presymptomatic and symptomatic patients carrying the C9orf72 mutation across the frontotemporal dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spectrum. Specifically, the pulvinar, a high-order thalamic nucleus and timekeeper for large-scale cortical networks, has been hypothesized to be involved in C9orf72-related neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether pulvinar volume can be useful for differential diagnosis in ALS C9orf72 mutation carriers and noncarriers and how underlying functional connectivity changes affect this region...

The neuronal ongoing electrical activity in the brain network, the neurodynamics, reflects the structure and functionality of generating neuronal pools. The activity of neurons due to their excitatory and inhibitory projections is associated with specific brain functions. Here, the purpose was to investigate if the local ongoing electrical activity exhibits its characteristic spectral and fractal features in wakefulness and sleep across and within subjects. Moreover, we aimed to show that measures typical of complex systems catch physiological features missed by linear spectral analyses...

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive function is a key outcome indicator of therapy in brain tumors. Understanding the underlying anatomical substrates involved in domain function and the pathophysiological basis of dysfunction can help ameliorate the effects of therapy and tailor directed rehabilitative strategies. METHODS: Hundred adult diffuse gliomas were co-registered onto a common demographic-specific brain template to create tumor localization maps. Voxel-based lesion symptom (VLSM) technique was used to assign an association between individual voxels and neuropsychological dysfunction in various domains (attention and executive function (A & EF), language, memory, visuospatial/constructive abilities, and visuomotor speed)...

Multivariate approaches have recently gained in popularity to address the physiological unspecificity of neuroimaging metrics and to better characterize the complexity of biological processes underlying behavior. However, commonly used approaches are biased by the intrinsic associations between variables, or they are computationally expensive and may be more complicated to implement than standard univariate approaches. Here, we propose using the Mahalanobis distance (D2), an individual-level measure of deviation relative to a reference distribution that accounts for covariance between metrics...

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CMs) are pathological lesions that cause discrete cortical disruption with hemorrhage, and their transcortical resections can cause additional iatrogenic disruption. The analysis of microsurgically treated CMs might identify areas of "eloquent noneloquence," or cortex that is associated with unexpected deficits when injured or transgressed. METHODS: Patients from a consecutive microsurgical series of superficial cerebral CMs who presented to the authors' center over a 13-year period were retrospectively analyzed...

Areas of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are part of the frontoparietal control, default mode, salience, and ventral attention networks. The DLPFC is involved in executive functions, like working memory, value encoding, attention, decision-making, and behavioral control. This functional heterogeneity is not reflected in existing neuroanatomical maps. For example, previous cytoarchitectonic studies have divided the DLPFC into two or four areas. Macroanatomical parcellations of this region rely on gyri and sulci, which are not congruent with cytoarchitectonic parcellations...

Self-service technology (SST) is a logistic innovation in e-commerce that enhances last-mile delivery efficiency in supply chain management. By combining Innovation Diffusion Theory with Resource Matching Theory, we proposed a comprehensive framework to explain the relationships between beliefs, attitude, and intention in Guanzhou, China. The findings revealed that attitude played a crucial role in influencing consumer intention to adopt SST and that attitude has direct and indirect effects. Additionally, consumer perceptions of compatibility, relative advantage, reliability, and complexity indirectly affected their adoption intention through attitude...

BACKGROUND: Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that behavioral speech-in-noise (SiN) perception and the underlying cortical structural network are altered by aging, and these aging-induced changes could be initiated during middle age. However, the mechanism behind the relationship between auditory performance and neural substrates of speech perception in middle-aged individuals remains unclear. In this study, we measured the structural volumes of selected neuroanatomical regions involved in speech and hearing processing to establish their association with speech perception ability in middle-aged adults...