Prolactin insulin uterus

Prevalence of uterine progesterone receptors over estrogen ones, high uterine cAMP level, and low uterine prostaglandin level are necessary conditions of normal pregnancy. In cases of spontaneous and antiprogestin RU486-induced abortions, estrogen receptors prevail over progesterone ones, cAMP level decreases, and prostaglandin concentration in decidual tissue increases. Porcine and bovine beta-lipotropines were the first proteins, whose correct amino acid sequence was first determined in Russia. Several research centers carried out collaborative studies of the nucleotide sequences of human and animal proopiomelanocortin (lipotropin precursor) and prolactin cDNA...

Many signaling events induced by ovarian steroid hormones, cytokines, and growth factors are involved in the process of decidualization of human and rodent endometrium. We have reported previously that tyrosine kinase activation of SRC functionally participates in decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. To address its essential role in decidualization, we examined, using wild-type and Src knockout mice, whether the process of decidualization was impaired in the absence of SRC. Immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific for the active form of SRC revealed that the active SRC was expressed prominently in the decidualizing stromal cells of the pregnant wild-type mouse...

During the evolution of mammals, the endometrium has developed for one reason only: to implant an embryo in the uterus. In higher primates, should an oocyte fail to be fertilized, then the endometrial layer is sloughed off during menses and the menstrual cycle starts again with a new round of endometrial differentiation. This stromal differentiation process is called decidualization and is accompanied in vivo by sustained high levels of intracellular cAMP. The present study was conducted to determine whether manipulation of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities in cultured human endometrial stromal cells could positively influence the decidualization process...

All mammalian uteri contain endometrial glands that synthesize or transport and secrete substances essential for survival and development of the conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes). The ovine uterine gland knockout ewe model supports a primary role for endometrial glands and, by default, their secretions as essential for conceptus survival and development during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Endometrial adenogenesis, the process whereby glands develop in the uterus, is primarily a postnatal event in domestic and laboratory animals, as well as in humans...

Postnatal development of the ovine uterus between birth and postnatal day (PND) 56 involves budding differentiation of the endometrial glandular epithelium from the luminal epithelium (LE) followed by extensive coiling and branching morphogenesis of the tubular glands. To determine the short- and long-term effects of estrogen on neonatal ovine uterine development after PND 14, neonatal sheep were randomly assigned at birth (PND 0) to be treated daily with estradiol-17beta benzoate (EB; 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 microg/kg body weight...

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The objective was to determine the effects of ovariectomy and epithelial-stromal interactions on mammary development and local expression of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) mRNA in prepubertal heifers. An epithelium-free ('cleared') fat pad (CFP) was prepared in two glands in each of 14 Holstein heifers, aged 1-3 Months. Eight of the calves were also ovariectomized. Serum concentrations of GH, IGF-I and prolactin were not affected by ovariectomy. At 6 Months of age, calves were killed to provide mammary samples of parenchyma, CFP and intact fat pad (MFP)...

A hormonal servomechanism has been proposed to regulate differentiation and function of the endometrial glandular epithelium (GE) in the ovine uterus during pregnancy. This mechanism involves sequential actions of estrogen, progesterone, ovine interferon tau (IFNtau), placental lactogen (oPL), and placental growth hormone (oGH). The biological actions of oPL in vitro are mediated by homodimerization of the prolactin receptor (oPRLR) and heterodimerization of the oPRLR and oGH receptor. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of intrauterine oPL, oGH, and their combination on endometrial histoarchitecture and gene expression and to localize and characterize binding sites for oPL in the ovine uterus in vivo using an in situ ligand binding assay...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on uterine blood supply in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Sixty-three patients with normal body mass index were included prospectively in the study: 48 had clinical and hormonal features of PCOS and 15 were normo-ovulatory. All patients underwent Doppler flow measurement of the uterine artery, and determination of serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, estradiol, androgens, insulin and C-peptide during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle...

Differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells is crucial for embryo implantation and placentation. Interleukin (IL)-11 signalling is essential for adequate decidualization in the mouse uterus. We examined the role of IL-11 during progesterone-induced decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells over a 10-12 day period, using prolactin (PRL) production as a decidual marker. These cells produced biologically active IL-11 and expressed IL-11, IL-11Ralpha and PRL mRNA during decidualization...

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has potent effects on cell differentiation and gene expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that human endometrial stromal cells express mRNA for retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and cellular RA-binding protein-II (CRABP-II). We examined whether RA regulates stromal cell differentiation (decidualization), a critical process in preparation of the uterus for blastocyst implantation. Decidualization was induced by incubating cultured stromal cells with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and oestradiol...

Products of the corpus luteum have targeted actions on the endometrium. Besides steroid hormones, the corpus luteum produces biologically active substances which may be either unique or shared by the endometrium and other tissues. Here we review selected markers of the corpus luteum and the endometrium as candidates for functional markers of the interplay between the two sites and relative to various treatment modalities. In clinical routine, the assessment of luteal phase is performed by morphological criteria...

Conceptus energy and nitrogen demands in late pregnancy are mostly met by placental uptake of maternal glucose and amino acids. The resulting 30 to 50% increase in maternal requirements for these nutrients is met partly by increased voluntary intake and partly by an array of maternal metabolic adaptations. The latter include increased hepatic gluconeogenesis from endogenous substrates, decreased peripheral tissue glucose utilization, increased fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue, and, possibly, increased amino acid mobilization from muscle...

Correlations between reproductive traits and measures of milk yield indicate that higher yield is associated phenotypically and genetically with reduced reproductive performance in lactating cows. Numerous recent studies have reported that reproductive performance is compromised, primarily through delayed ovarian activity and reduced conception rates, by the demands of high milk yield. However, daily managerial decisions to obtain efficient reproductive performance have considerable impact. Management can offset depression in fertility, because high yielding herds often achieve the fewest days open...

Relaxin (RLX) is a product of the human corpus luteum, pregnancy decidua and placenta, prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) are products of the cyclic endometrium and of the pregnancy decidua. All three proteins are thought to function interdependently in endometrium/decidua as local factors within the uterus without reaching the systemic circulation. In this study, the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method for immunolocalization with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies has been applied to serial sections of endometria obtained from patients at different stages of the menstrual cycle and in early and late gestation...

OBJECTIVE: Uterine leiomyomas are the most common pelvic tumors, occurring in one of four women, and they represent the single most common indication for hysterectomy. The genesis and growth-promoting factors responsible for their development are poorly understood. We speculate that growth hormone may play a role in the initiation of these tumors; women with acromegaly have a higher incidence of leiomyomas and growth hormone promotes uterine growth in rats, with or without the addition of estradiol...

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), which modulates cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of cell types, is present in human endometrial stromal cells. However, both the function of IL-1 beta in endometrium and the factors that modulate its expression in endometrial stromal cells are unknown. To examine the effects of IL-1 beta on decidualization, human proliferative endometrial stromal cells were cultured for 12 days in medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium with 2% fetal bovine serum) containing 1 microM medroxyprogesterone acetate, 10 nM estradiol, and 1 microM prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with and without IL-1 beta (17 pg/ml)...

Decidual cells arise by proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells of the uterus after appropriate stimulation by ovarian hormones. Previously we have shown that progestin and relaxin stimulate the secretion of several decidual-cell-specific secretory proteins in a long-term primary cell culture system. We now report the effects of progestin and relaxin on the morphology of stromal cells in association with the production rate of two major decidual secretory proteins, prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1)...

A dose-dependent increase in body length and weight can be induced in Snell dwarf mice by human, porcine and bovine growth hormones, ovine prolactin, bovine TSH, T4 and T3, and to a lesser extent by insulin. In contrast, porcine FSH, equine LH, testosterone, oestradiol and glucagon influenced neither body length nor weight. Beside body length and weight, the weight of many organs is stimulated by hormonal treatment. GH, T4 and T3 have a rather similar spectrum of effects, with exceptions for the skinfold and epididymal fat-pads...

Plasma concentration and anterior pituitary content of growth hormone (rGH), thyroid stimulating hormone (rTSH), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH), luteinizing hormone (rLH) as well as the plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), corticosterone and immunoreactive somatomedin A (SM-A) have been determined in intact, ovariectomized or ovo-hysterectomized rats with and without treatment with steroid-free uterine extracts. The endocrine organs were weighed. Two weeks after hysterectomy the body weight was decreased, the weight of adrenals was increased, the plasma GH concentrations increased and the plasma TSH and T3 concentrations were decreased compared to the sham operated controls...