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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Maria Kupper, Christian Stigloher, Heike Feldhaar, Roy Gross
The bacterial endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus contributes to its hosts' ontogeny via nutritional upgrading during metamorphosis. This primary endosymbiosis is essential for both partners and vertical transmission of the endosymbionts is guaranteed by bacterial infestation of oocytes. Here we present a detailed analysis of the presence and localisation of B. floridanus in the ants' ovaries obtained by FISH and TEM analyses. The most apical part of the germarium harbouring germ-line stem cells (GSCs) is not infected by the bacteria...
September 2016: Arthropod Structure & Development
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Vanesa Zazueta-Novoa, Thomas M Onorato, Gerardo Reyes, Nathalie Oulhen, Gary M Wessel
Oviparous animals store yolk proteins within the developing oocyte. These proteins are used in gametogenesis and as a nutritional source for embryogenesis. Vitellogenin and the major yolk protein are two of the most important yolk proteins among diverse species of invertebrates and vertebrates. Among the echinoderms, members of the subphyla Echinozoa (sea urchins and sea cucumbers) express the major yolk protein (MYP) but not vitellogenin (Vtg), while an initial report has documented that two Asterozoa (sea stars) express a vitellogenin...
June 2016: Biological Bulletin
#23
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Bryan P Hurley, Waheed Pirzai, Alex D Eaton, Marc Harper, Jason Roper, Cindi Zimmermann, Gregory S Ladics, Raymond J Layton, Bryan Delaney
Human intestinal epithelial cell lines (T84, Caco-2, and HCT-8) grown on permeable Transwell™ filters serve as models of the gastrointestinal barrier. In this study, this in vitro model system was evaluated for effectiveness at distinguishing between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. Indicators of cytotoxicity (LDH release, MTT conversion), monolayer barrier integrity ([(3)H]-inulin flux, horseradish peroxidase flux, trans-epithelial electrical resistance [TEER]), and inflammation (IL-8, IL-6 release) were monitored following exposure to hazardous or non-hazardous proteins...
June 2016: Food and Chemical Toxicology
#24
REVIEW
Daniele Avitabile, Alessandra Magenta, Andrea Lauri, Elisa Gambini, Gabriella Spaltro, Maria Cristina Vinci
Epigenetics harbours all regulatory information that, beyond nucleotide sequences, allows cells to "make decisions" throughout their lifetime in response to the external environment. The information can be transitory or relatively stable, and is even transmittable either to daughter cells or to the next generations through the germ line. Recent discoveries shed light on numerous connections between metabolites and epigenetic chromatin-modifying enzymes, providing a link between the metabolic state of the cell and epigenetics, and ultimately between metabolism, gene expression and cell fate...
2016: Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Debasmita Roy, David Michaelson, Tsivia Hochman, Anthony Santella, Zhirong Bao, Judith D Goldberg, E Jane Albert Hubbard
Many organisms accumulate a pool of germline stem cells during development that is maintained in later life. The dynamics of establishment, expansion and homeostatic maintenance of this pool are subject to both developmental and physiological influences including the availability of a suitable niche microenvironment, nutritional status, and age. Here, we investigated the dynamics of germline proliferation during stages of expansion and homeostasis, using the C. elegans germ line as a model. The vast majority of germ cells in the proliferative zone are in interphase stages of mitosis (G1, S, G2) rather than in the active mitotic (M) phase...
January 1, 2016: Developmental Biology
#26
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Ruigao Song, Xiaolei Yao, Lei Shi, Youshe Ren, Hui Zhao
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on apoptosis of germ cells in the testis during spermatogenesis in roosters. Eighty 12-week-old Hy-Line Variety white roosters with an averaged body weight of 1.38 ± 0.2 kg were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups. They were fed the basal diet (0.044 mg/kg Se dry matter) supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of Se dry matter (from sodium selenite). After the 45-day feeding experiment, testis samples were collected from the roosters of each treatment group to detect the population of apoptotic germ cells using the terminal deoxynucleotidy1 transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay...
September 1, 2015: Theriogenology
#27
REVIEW
Rachel S van der Post, Ingrid P Vogelaar, Fátima Carneiro, Parry Guilford, David Huntsman, Nicoline Hoogerbrugge, Carlos Caldas, Karen E Chelcun Schreiber, Richard H Hardwick, Margreet G E M Ausems, Linda Bardram, Patrick R Benusiglio, Tanya M Bisseling, Vanessa Blair, Eveline Bleiker, Alex Boussioutas, Annemieke Cats, Daniel Coit, Lynn DeGregorio, Joana Figueiredo, James M Ford, Esther Heijkoop, Rosella Hermens, Bostjan Humar, Pardeep Kaurah, Gisella Keller, Jennifer Lai, Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg, Maria O'Donovan, Carla Oliveira, Hugo Pinheiro, Krish Ragunath, Esther Rasenberg, Susan Richardson, Franco Roviello, Hans Schackert, Raquel Seruca, Amy Taylor, Anouk Ter Huurne, Marc Tischkowitz, Sheena Tjon A Joe, Benjamin van Dijck, Nicole C T van Grieken, Richard van Hillegersberg, Johanna W van Sandick, Rianne Vehof, J Han van Krieken, Rebecca C Fitzgerald
Germline CDH1 mutations confer a high lifetime risk of developing diffuse gastric (DGC) and lobular breast cancer (LBC). A multidisciplinary workshop was organised to discuss genetic testing, surgery, surveillance strategies, pathology reporting and the patient's perspective on multiple aspects, including diet post gastrectomy. The updated guidelines include revised CDH1 testing criteria (taking into account first-degree and second-degree relatives): (1) families with two or more patients with gastric cancer at any age, one confirmed DGC; (2) individuals with DGC before the age of 40 and (3) families with diagnoses of both DGC and LBC (one diagnosis before the age of 50)...
June 2015: Journal of Medical Genetics
#28
REVIEW
M Desai, J K Jellyman, M G Ross
Epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as mediators linking early environmental exposures during pregnancy with programmed changes in gene expression that alter offspring growth and development. There is irrefutable evidence from human and animal studies that nutrient and environmental agent exposures (for example, endocrine disruptors) during pregnancy may affect fetal/newborn development resulting in offspring obesity and obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities (metabolic syndrome). This concept of 'gestational programming' is associated with alterations to the epigenome (nongenomic) rather than changes in the DNA sequence (genomic)...
April 2015: International Journal of Obesity
#29
REVIEW
Jennifer A Schisa
In a variety of cell types, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes play critical roles in regulating RNA metabolism. The germ line contains RNPs found also in somatic cells, such as processing (P) bodies and stress granules, as well as several RNPs unique to the germ line, including germ granules, nuage, Balbiani bodies, P granules, U bodies, and sponge bodies. Recent advances have identified a conserved response of germ line RNPs to environmental stresses such as nutritional stress and heat shock. The RNPs increase significantly in size based on cytology; their morphology and subcellular localization changes, and their composition changes...
March 2014: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Adelheid Soubry, Cathrine Hoyo, Randy L Jirtle, Susan K Murphy
Literature on maternal exposures and the risk of epigenetic changes or diseases in the offspring is growing. Paternal contributions are often not considered. However, some animal and epidemiologic studies on various contaminants, nutrition, and lifestyle-related conditions suggest a paternal influence on the offspring's future health. The phenotypic outcomes may have been attributed to DNA damage or mutations, but increasing evidence shows that the inheritance of environmentally induced functional changes of the genome, and related disorders, are (also) driven by epigenetic components...
April 2014: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello, Thomas Mueller, Rossana Coda, Franziska Reipsch, Luana Nionelli, José Antonio Curiel, Marco Gobbetti
BACKGROUND: In the last decade, several studies described the promising cytotoxic activity of fermented wheat germ towards cancer cell lines and during in vivo clinical trials. Recent data suggested that the antiproliferative, antimetastatic and immunological effects of this preparation are mainly attributed to quinones. This study aimed at exploiting the potential of sourdough lactic acid bacteria fermentation to release 2-methoxy benzoquinone, and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, which are naturally present in wheat germ as glycosylated and non-physiologically active form...
November 11, 2013: Microbial Cell Factories
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Catherine E Aiken, Jane L Tarry-Adkins, Susan E Ozanne
Early life exposure to adverse environments can lead to a variety of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in offspring. We hypothesize that female reproductive function may also be affected, with subsequent implications for fertility. We used an established maternal low-protein model where animals are born small but undergo rapid postnatal catch-up growth by suckling a control-fed dam (recuperated offspring). Markers of oxidative stress and cellular aging in reproductive tract tissues were assessed at 3 and 6 mo of age...
October 2013: FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
François Chauvigné, Mónica Boj, Sebastiano Vilella, Roderick Nigel Finn, Joan Cerdà
In oviparous vertebrates such as the marine teleost gilthead seabream, water and fluid homeostasis associated with testicular physiology and the external activation of spermatozoa is potentially mediated by multiple aquaporins. To test this hypothesis, we isolated five novel members of the aquaporin superfamily from gilthead seabream and developed paralog-specific antibodies to localize the cellular sites of protein expression in the male reproductive tract. Together with phylogenetic classification, functional characterization of four of the newly isolated paralogs, Aqp0a, -7, -8b, and -9b, demonstrated that they were water permeable, while Aqp8b was also permeable to urea, and Aqp7 and -9b were permeable to glycerol and urea...
August 2013: Biology of Reproduction
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jeremy K Herren, Juan C Paredes, Fanny Schüpfer, Bruno Lemaitre
UNLABELLED: Spiroplasma is a diverse bacterial clade that includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. These bacteria persist in the hemolymph of their adult host and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism that underlies their vertical transmission, and here we provide strong evidence that these bacteria use the yolk uptake machinery to colonize the germ line...
2013: MBio
#35
REVIEW
Sara Cervantes
The gastrointestinal tract carries out essential functions for the organism, including the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The cells lining the lumen of the gut tube derive from the endoderm, one of the three germ layers formed during gastrulation. The length of the intestinal tract determines its digestive and absorptive capacity, and so the intestine expands several times the length of the whole body to ensure an adequate absorptive area to meet nutritional demands. However, the endoderm starts out as a small sheet of cells spanning less than the whole length of the head-fold embryo...
2013: Histology and Histopathology
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zuzana Adamcikova, Lenka Wachsmannova, Katarina Hainova, Viola Stevurkova, Vladimir Holec, Sona Ciernikova, Zuzana Cierna, Pavol Janega, Pavel Babal, Michal Mego, Vladimir Zajac
OBJECTIVES: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the presence of hundreds to thousands of benign polyps in the colon. If not removed prophylactically they represent a risk of developing malignant cancer with an almost 100% penentrance. FAP is induced by germline mutation in the APC gene. Tumorigenesis launched a second somatic mutation of APC gene allele, leading to synthesis of non-functional APC protein. One of the possibilities of cancer prevention could be an alternative gene therapy using bacteria as vectors for delivery of therapeutic protein molecules...
2012: Neuro Endocrinology Letters
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dorota Z Korta, Simon Tuck, E Jane Albert Hubbard
Coupling of stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation to organismal physiological demands ensures the proper growth and homeostasis of tissues. However, in vivo mechanisms underlying this control are poorly characterized. We investigated the role of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) at the intersection of nutrition and the establishment of a stem/progenitor cell population using the C. elegans germ line as a model. We find that rsks-1 (which encodes the worm homolog of mammalian p70S6K) is required germline-autonomously for proper establishment of the germline progenitor pool...
March 2012: Development
#38
REVIEW
C Lavebratt, M Almgren, T J Ekström
The availability to the DNA strand and the activity of the transcription machinery is crucial for the cell to use the information in the DNA. The epigenetic mechanisms DNA methylation, modification of histone tails, other chromatin-modifying processes and interference by small RNAs regulate the cell-type-specific DNA expression. Epigenetic marks can be more or less plastic perpetuating responses to various molecular signals and environmental stimuli, but in addition apparently stochastic epigenetic marks have been found...
June 2012: International Journal of Obesity
#39
REVIEW
K D Sinclair, A Karamitri, D S Gardner
Ruminants have been utilised extensively to investigate the developmental origins of health and disease, with the sheep serving as the model species of choice to complement dietary studies in the rat and mouse. Surprisingly few studies, however, have investigated delayed effects of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy on adult offspring health and a consistent phenotype, together with underlying mechanistic pathways, has not emerged. Nevertheless, when broad consideration is given to all studies with ruminants it is apparent that interventions that are initiated very early in gestation, and/or prior to conception, lead to greater effects on adult physiology than those that are specifically targeted to late gestation...
2010: Society of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Thomas Mueller, Karin Jordan, Wieland Voigt
Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) is currently used as nutrition supplement for cancer patients. Limited recent data suggest antiproliferative, antimetastatic and immunological effects which were at least in part exerted by two quinones, 2-methoxy benzoquinone and 2,6-dimethoxybenzquinone as ingredients of FWGE. These activity data prompted us to further evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of FWGE alone or in combination with the commonly used cytotoxic drugs 5-FU, oxaliplatin or irinotecan in a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines...
April 16, 2011: Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research: CR
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