Drugs and alcohol

This study aimed to investigate the sexual behaviors among working children and the associated factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1937 working children in the 10-18 age range in 15 provincial capitals in 2019-20 (Feb-May); the Response rate was 94.9%. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the variable of sexual behaviors. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The prevalence of sexual behaviors in working children was 4...

INTRODUCTION: Widespread concern exists in today's world regarding self-harm and interpersonal violence. This study to analyze the changes in temporal trends and spatial patterns of risk factors and burdens of self-harm and interpersonal violence using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. METHODS: Temporal trends in self-harm and interpersonal violence were initially summarized using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC)...

Developing novel antimicrobial wound dressings that have the potential to address the challenges associated with chronic wounds is highly imperative in providing effective infection control and wound healing support. Biocompatible electrospun nanofibers with their high porosity and surface area enabling efficient drug loading and delivery have been investigated in this regard as viable candidates for chronic wound care. Here, we design Casein/Polyvinyl alcohol (CAN/PVA) nanofibers reinforced with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by the electrospinning technique to develop diabetic wound healing scaffolds...

BACKGROUND: Formerly incarcerated people have exceptionally poor health profiles and are at increased risk of preventable mortality when compared with their general population peers. However, not enough is known about the epidemiology of mortality in this population-specifically the rates, causes, and timing of death in specific subgroups and regions-to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses. We aimed to document the incidence, timing, causes, and risk factors for mortality after release from incarceration...

BACKGROUND: Menthol-flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are a focus of public health and regulatory policy considerations. The abuse liability of five menthol-flavored pod-based ENDS was compared to combustible cigarettes, and switching potential of ENDS was also evaluated. METHODS: 215 US adults who smoke cigarettes (34.4% female; mean age[SD]=29.60[8.75]; 40.9% non-Hispanic White; mean cigarettes/day[SD]=12.04[8.52]) completed a randomized 6-arm within-person cross-over product-use study...

The most prevalent psychoactive chemical in tobacco smoke is nicotine, which has been shown to maintain tobacco consumption as well as cause acute adverse effects at high doses, like nausea and emesis. Recent studies in laboratory animals have suggested that many non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke (e.g., minor tobacco alkaloids) may also contribute to tobacco's overall reinforcing and adverse effects. Here, we used intravenous (IV) self-administration (n = 3) and observation (n = 4) procedures in squirrel monkeys to, respectively, compare the reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and three prominent minor tobacco alkaloids, nornicotine, anatabine, and myosmine...

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that platelets are associated with inflammation and steatosis and may play an important role in liver health. Therefore, we evaluated whether antiplatelet agents can improve metabolic disorder-related fatty liver disease (MASLD). METHODS: The mice used in the study were fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) and were stratified through liver biopsy at 18 weeks. A total of 22 mice with NAFLD activity scores (NAS) ≥ 4 were randomly divided into three groups (HFD-only, clopidogrel (CLO; 35 mg/kg/day), ticagrelor (TIC; 40 mg/kg/day) group)...

Alcohol, a widely consumed drug, exerts significant toxic effects on the human organism. This review focuses on its impact during fetal development, when it leads to a spectrum of disorders collectively termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Children afflicted by FASD exhibit distinct clinical manifestations, including facial dysmorphism, delayed growth, and neurological and behavioral disorders. These behavioral issues encompass diminished intellectual capacity, memory impairment, and heightened impulsiveness...

Excessive alcohol intake will aggravate the health risk between the liver and intestine and affect the multi-directional information exchange of metabolites between host cells and microbial communities. Because of the side effects of clinical drugs, people tend to explore the intervention value of natural drugs on diseases. As a flavor substance, spices have been proven to have medicinal value, but they are still rare in treating hepatointestinal diseases caused by alcohol. This paper summarized the metabolic transformation of alcohol in the liver and intestine and summarized the potential value of various perfume active substances in improving liver and intestine diseases caused by alcohol...

Background: In 1990, the United States' Institute of Medicine promoted the principles of outcomes monitoring in the alcohol and other drugs treatment field to improve the evidence synthesis and quality of research. While various national outcome measures have been developed and employed, no global consensus on standard measurement has been agreed for addiction. It is thus timely to build an international consensus. Convened by the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM), an international, multi-disciplinary working group reviewed the existing literature and reached consensus for a globally applicable minimum set of outcome measures for people who seek treatment for addiction...

During pregnancy and in the post-partum period, several diseases may arise or become exacerbated. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease with an increasing incidence in Western countries. The incidence of acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is not different with respect to the general population, but this incidence increases in the first 2 years after delivery. Biliary sludge and stones are the most frequent aetiologies, followed by hypertriglyceridemia. Taking care of the mother and foetus through a potentially severe disease requires a team consisting of an obstetrician, a gastroenterologist, an anaesthesiologist, and a surgeon...

Alcohol acts as a central nervous system depressant and falls under the category of psychoactive drugs. It has the potential to impair vital bodily functions, including cognitive alertness, muscle coordination, and induce fatigue. Taking the wheel after consuming alcohol can lead to delayed responses in emergency situations and increases the likelihood of collisions with obstacles or suddenly appearing objects. Statistically, drivers under the influence of alcohol are seven times more likely to cause accidents compared to sober individuals...

INTRODUCTION: Research has established natural recovery (NR) as an important pathway to substance use recovery. Studies investigating correlates of NR have mainly focused on demographic and substance use variables rather than life circumstances. This study seeks to better understand the phenomenon of natural recovery by (i) validating the international scientific literature concerning demographic and substance use indicators of NR in Flanders and (ii) assessing the additional explanatory power of recovery strengths and barriers during active addiction, controlling for demographic and substance use covariates...

BACKGROUND: The association between environmental temperature and alcohol consumption has not been widely explored despite the potential that increasing temperatures could promote the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the alcohol-related burden of disease. We aimed to explore the association between temperature and binge drinking in Mexican adults from urban cities, overall, and by alcoholic beverage type. METHODS: Data on 10,552 adults ≥ 18 years was obtained from the 2016 National Survey on Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption...

RATIONALE: The subjective effects of alcohol are associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) vulnerability and treatment outcomes. The interoceptive effects of alcohol are part of these subjective effects and can be measured in animal models using drug discrimination procedures. The newly developed mGlu2 and mGlu3 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) are potential therapeutics for AUD and may alter interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of mGlu2 and mGlu3 NAMs on the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and related factors of diagnosed osteoarthrosis (DO) and undiagnosed osteoarthrosis (UO) in the general Spanish adult population. SETTING: Cross-sectional study with data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. PARTICIPANTS: N=23,089 adults. Three groups of people were defined: DO, UO, and no osteoarthrosis (NO). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic information, lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, body mass index) and health factors (intensity of pain, pain drug consumption, mental health, self-perceived health status, pain involvement in daily living) were collected...

IMPORTANCE: Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a known risk factor for depression, evidence is lacking regarding whether and to what extent a spouse's CVD is associated with the subsequent mental health of individuals. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between CVD onset in spouses and subsequent depression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study examined 277 142 matched married couples enrolled in the Japan Health Insurance Association health insurance program between April 2015 and March 2022, covering approximately 40% of the working-age population in Japan...

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) poses an ongoing significant global health burden. AUD is highly prevalent and affects not only the individuals with AUD, but also their communities and society at large. Even though pharmacotherapy is an integral part of AUD treatment, the few available substances show limited efficacy and limited clinical impact. Thus, there is a need for new innovative pharmacotherapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED: This paper provides a comprehensive review of drugs approved for the treatment of AUD as well as those currently in phase II and III development...

Violence against women (VAW) is a significant public health and human rights issue, with an estimated 736 million women globally experiencing VAW. Consistent evidence demonstrates that substance use is associated with VAW and that participation in substance use treatment programs is associated with reduction in substance use-related violence. While evidence demonstrates the ability to address VAW through substance use treatment programs, less attention has been paid to geographic access to substance use programs...

BACKGROUND: Children exposed prenatally to alcohol or cannabinoids individually can exhibit growth deficits and increased risk for adverse birth outcomes. However, these drugs are often co-consumed and their combined effects on early brain development are virtually unknown. The blood vessels of the fetal brain emerge and mature during the neurogenic period to support nutritional needs of the rapidly growing brain, and teratogenic exposure during this gestational window may therefore impair fetal cerebrovascular development...