lung AND physiology

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a novel real-time lung imaging technology for personalized ventilation adjustments, indicating promising results in animals and humans. The present study aimed to assess its clinical utility for improved ventilation and oxygenation compared to traditional protocols. Comprehensive electronic database screening was done until 30th November, 2023. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, comparative cohort studies, and assessments of EIT-guided PEEP titration and conventional methods in adult ARDS patients regarding outcome, ventilatory parameters, and P/F ratio were included...

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) universally develop in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD). Single ventricle PAVMs have been recognized for over 50 years, yet they are poorly understood, and we lack any medical therapies. To improve our understanding of single ventricle PAVM initiation and progression, we developed a surgical rat model of Glenn circulation and characterized PAVM physiology over multiple time points. METHODS: Using adult rats, we performed a left thoracotomy and end-to-end anastomosis of the left superior vena cava to the left pulmonary artery (unilateral Glenn), or sham surgical control...

The variable etiology of persistent breathlessness after COVID-19 have confounded efforts to decipher the immunopathology of lung sequelae. Here, we analyzed hundreds of cellular and molecular features in the context of discrete pulmonary phenotypes to define the systemic immune landscape of post-COVID lung disease. Cluster analysis of lung physiology measures highlighted two phenotypes of restrictive lung disease that differed by their impaired diffusion and severity of fibrosis. Machine learning revealed marked CCR5+CD95+ CD8+ T-cell perturbations in mild-to-moderate lung disease, but attenuated T-cell responses hallmarked by elevated CXCL13 in more severe disease...

Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS) is known to cause drug-related pneumonitis, which has been described as "hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)". However, its clinical and pathological characteristics have never been reported. We retrospectively evaluated 18 patients treated with ALIS. Three (16.7%) patients developed HP-pattern pneumonitis on high-resolution computed tomography. Serum eosinophil counts were elevated up to above 1000/μL in these three patients, which decreased with ALIS discontinuation only...

This study aimed to investigate what factors determine freedivers' maximal static apnea dive time. We correlated some physical/physiological factors with male freedivers' maximum apnea diving duration. Thirty-six experienced male freedivers participated in this study. The divers participated in two days of the experiments. On the first day, apnea diving time, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), stress index, and blood parameters were measured before, during, and after the apnea diving in the pool...

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies have identified childhood asthma as a risk factor for obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) where persistent airflow limitation can develop more aggressively. However, a causal link between childhood asthma and COPD/ACO remains to be established. Our study aimed to model the natural history of childhood asthma and COPD and to investigate the cellular/molecular mechanisms that drive disease progression. METHODS: Allergic airways disease was established in three-week-old young C57BL/6 mice using house dust mite (HDM) extract...

Long-term pulmonary sequelae of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to establish post-COVID-19 temporal changes in chest computed tomography (CT) features of pulmonary fibrosis and to investigate associations with respiratory symptoms and physiological parameters at 3 and 12 months' follow-up. Adult patients who attended our initial COVID-19 follow-up service and developed chest CT features of interstitial lung disease, in addition to cases identified using British Society of Thoracic Imaging codes, were evaluated retrospectively...

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the severe form of interstitial pneumonias. Acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF is characterized by progressive lung fibrosis with the irreversible lung function decline and inflammation, and is often fatal with poor prognosis. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms in AE of IPF are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying AE of IPF, using bleomycin (BLM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (BLM+LPS)-treated mice. The mice were treated with a single dose of 1...

AIM: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive condition with unknown aetiology that causes the lung parenchyma to scar incessantly, lowering the quality of life and hastening death. In this investigation, we studied the anti-fibrotic activity of Geneticin (a derivative of gentamycin) using in vitro and in vivo models. MAIN METHODS: The TGF-β-mediated differentiation model was adopted to investigate (fibrotic marker's levels/expression) the anti-fibrotic activity of geneticin (GNC) in in-vitro scenarios (Ll29 and DHLF cells)...

BACKGROUND: A healthy, well-balanced diet plays an essential role in respiratory diseases. Since micronutrient deficiency is relatively common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), micronutrient supplementation might have the beneficial health effects in those patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to demonstrate the impact of micronutrient supplementation on the lung function of patients with COPD. METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched from their corresponding creation until February 2024...

RNA helicase DHX15 plays a significant role in vasculature development and lung metastasis in vertebrates. In addition, several studies have demonstrated the overexpression of DHX15 in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, we hypothesized that this helicase may play a significant role in liver regeneration, physiology, and pathology. Dhx15 gene deficiency was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 in zebrafish and by TALEN-RNA in mice. AUM Antisense-Oligonucleotides were used to silence Dhx15 in wild-type mice...

Disturbed remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is frequently observed in several high-prevalence pathologies that include fibrotic diseases of organs such as the heart, lung, periodontium, liver, and the stiffening of the ECM surrounding invasive cancers. In many of these lesions, matrix remodeling mediated by fibroblasts is dysregulated, in part by alterations to the regulatory and effector systems that synthesize and degrade collagen, and by alterations to the functions of the integrin-based adhesions that normally mediate mechanical remodeling of collagen fibrils...

In this study, flower and leaf extracts of Colvillea racemosa were considered a source of bioactive compounds. In this context, the objective of the study focused on investigating the anticancer potential as well as the phytochemical composition of both extracts. The extracts were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS, and the bioactivity was tested using in vitro antioxidant assays (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS) in addition to cytotoxic assays on non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549). Our results clearly indicated the potent radical scavenging capacity of both extracts...

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) causes pulmonary vascular remodeling, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and leading to right heart failure and death. Matrix stiffening early in the disease promotes remodeling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), contributing to PAH pathogenesis. Our research identified YAP and TAZ as key drivers of the mechanobiological feedback loop in PASMCs, suggesting targeting them could mitigate remodeling. However, YAP/TAZ are ubiquitously expressed and carry out diverse functions, necessitating a cell-specific approach...

INTRODUCTION: Pirfenidone was the first anti-fibrotic drug approved in Europe in 2011 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical course of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in pirfenidone-treated patients in a real-world setting. METHODS: The non-interventional study was conducted at 18 sites in Germany from 6/2014-12/2016. Adult patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were treated with pirfenidone (escalated from 3×1 to 3×3 capsules of 267 mg/day within 3 weeks) for 12 months...

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that harringtonine (HT) could specifically bind with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein and host cell transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to block membrane fusion, which is an effective antagonist for SARS-CoV-2. PURPOSE: Our study focused on in-depth exploration of in vitro pharmacokinetic characteristics of HT in lung. METHODS: HPLC-fluorescence detection method was used to detect changes of HT content...

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STUDY OBJECTIVES: Opioid medications are commonly used and are known to impact both breathing and sleep, and are linked with adverse health outcomes including death. Clinical data indicate that chronic opioid use causes central sleep apnea, and might also worsen obstructive sleep apnea. The mechanisms by which opioids influence sleep-disordered breathing pathogenesis are not established. METHODS: Patients who underwent clinically-indicated polysomnography confirming sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) (AHI≥5/hr) were included...

The Ras homology (Rho) family of GTPases serves various functions, including promotion of cell migration, adhesion, and transcription, through activation of effector molecule targets. One such pair of effectors, the Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2), induce reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion through substrate phosphorylation. Studies on ROCK knockout mice have confirmed that ROCK proteins are essential for embryonic development, but their physiological functions in adult mice remain unknown...

Lung cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, being often detected at a later stage due to the non-appearance of early symptoms. Therefore, specificity of the treatment is of utmost importance for its effective treatment. Precision medicine is a personalized therapy based on the genomics of the patient to design a suitable drug approach. Genetic mutations render the tumor resistant to specific mutations and the therapy is in vain even though correct medications are prescribed. Therefore, Precision medicine needs to be explored for the treatment of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)...