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BACKGROUND: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas. Selenium is an essential trace element required for thyroid hormone synthesis and exerts antioxidant effects. Therefore, it may be of relevance in the management of HT. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormones [TSH], free and total thyroxine [fT4, T4], free and total triiodothyronine [fT3, T3]), thyroid antibodies (thyroid peroxidase [TPOAb], thyroglobulin [TGAb], thyrotropin receptor [TRAb]), ultrasound findings (echogenicity, thyroid volume), immune markers, patient-reported outcomes, and adverse events in HT...

OBJECTIVE: To outline the clinical signs, diagnosis, and course of care for a single case of neonatal hyperthyroidism while also summarizing common diagnostic errors related to this condition. METHODS: Medical records of the neonate of hyperthyroidism were collected and analyzed in combination with literature. RESULTS: The neonate's mother had thyroid disease, but her thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) levels were not monitored during pregnancy...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: For numerous years, the Xiehuo Xiaoying decoction (XHXY), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has demonstrated substantial promise in treating Graves' disease (GD) in clinical settings, showcasing significant potential. However, the therapeutic mechanism and efficacy material basis of XHXY remains obscure. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to study the efficacy material basis of XHXY in anti-GD effect using a combination of TMT quantitative proteomics and molecular docking method...

BACKGROUND: Microbiome-directed therapies are increasingly utilized to optimize thyroid function in both healthy individuals and those with thyroid disorders. However, recent doubts have been raised regarding the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in improving thyroid function. This systematic review aimed to investigate the potential relationship between probiotics/prebiotics and thyroid function by analyzing the impact on thyroid hormone levels. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels...

Fetal hyperthyroidism can occur secondary to maternal autoimmune hyperthyroidism. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) transferred from the mother to the fetus stimulates the fetal thyroid and causes fetal thyrotoxicosis. Fetuses with this condition are difficult to detect, especially after maternal Graves disease therapy. Here, we present two cases of fetal hyperthyroidism with maternal hypothyroidism and review the assessment and intrauterine therapy for fetal hyperthyroidism. Both women were referred at 22+ and 23+ weeks of gestation with abnormal ultrasound findings, including fetal heart enlargement, pericardial effusion, and fetal tachycardia...

PURPOSE: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is the main extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. However, limited studies have investigated the actual efficacy of selenium in GO therapy. This longitudinal study explored the effect of selenium on QOL and prognosis of patients with mild-to-moderate GO. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year prospective controlled cohort clinical trial to determine the effect of selenium on 74 patients with mild-to-moderate GO. Patients received selenium yeast or placebo orally for 6 months and were followed up at 6 months and at 5 years by biochemical examination, ophthalmologist evaluation and QOL questionnaire to assess oculopathy and QOL...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to study the expression of anti-glutamate decarboxylase antibody (GADA), zinc transporter-8 autoantibody (ZnT8A), and insulinoma-associated protein-2 antibody (IA-2A) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) with thyroid disease (TD) and its correlation with thyroid autoantibodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 380 patients with T1DM were included in the study, of which 313 patients with T1DM alone were included in the control group...

Cardiovascular diseases, especially congestive heart failure (CHF), are known complications of anthracyclines, but the risk for patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDT-ASCT) is not well established. With T-cell therapies emerging as alternatives, studies of long-term complications after HDT-ASCT are warranted. Danish patients treated with HDT-ASCT for aggressive lymphoma between 2001 and 2017 were matched 1:5 on sex, birth year and Charlson comorbidity score to the general population...

PURPOSE: Emotional stress is a precipitating factor for Graves disease (GD). However, the influence of stress relief on the course of GD is unknown. Here, we present a series of patients diagnosed with stress-induced GD in whom stress relief alone led to remission of GD. CASES: We report on 11 patients in whom hyperthyroid symptoms started just after severe emotional stress. All patients had suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and elevated free thyroxine (FT4; 22...

OBJECTIVES: Graves' disease (GD) is a rare auto-immune disorder in pediatric population. The association between GD and thymic hyperplasia was rarely reported in children. Diagnosis and management of GD are challenging in children. CASE PRESENTATION: This report presents the case of a 5-year-old girl with a personal history of asthma and congenital bilateral isolated clinical anophthalmia who presented with acute congestive heart failure, sinus tachycardia and atypical signs of orbitopathy with edema and erythema of the lower right eyelid and excessive tearing...

OBJECTIVE: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) can involve many organs, including thyroid and orbital tissues. A link between IgG4, Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) has been proposed, but results are conflicting. Here we investigated the possible association between IgG4 and GO. METHODS: Retrospective investigation in 297 patients with Graves' disease (GD), 152 with GO. PRIMARY OUTCOME: prevalence of IgG4 ≥ 135 mg/dL (cut-off for IgG4-RD)...

PURPOSE: Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves's disease are two related autoimmune disorders, representing the leading causes of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism is generally irreversible but very rarely, some patients would shift to hyperthyroidism. The aim of the study was to seek for possible clinical predictors of the transition from hypo to hyperthyroidism in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and to outline their clinical phenotype. METHODS: Twelve patients with overt autoimmune hypothyroidism who had at least one transition from hypothyroidism to autoimmune hyperthyroidism were compared with 294 consecutive patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and 69 consecutive patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism that accessed the outpatient clinic over six months...

AIM: To investigate the choroidal thickness and the microvascular network changes around the macula in thyroid eye disease (TED) patients at different stages and the relationship of those changes with risk factors, serum antibodies and the severity of TED. METHODS: A total of 85 participants were enrolled. All participants underwent ophthalmology and endocrinology examinations. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), superficial (s) and deep (d) foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, mean (m) and central (c) superficial vascular density (SVD), deep vascular density (DVD) measurements of the enrolled cases were performed with Topcon swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT)/OCT angiography (OCTA) DRI OCT Triton...

BACKGROUND: Graves' disease (GD) is caused by the production of TSH-receptor (TSHR) stimulating auto-antibodies. Over the years various TSHR-antibody (TRAb) detection assays have been developed. Most clinical laboratories use competitive TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) assays, which measure the total amount of stimulating and blocking auto-antibodies. Selective detection of TSHR stimulating auto-antibodies (TSI) was previously only possible with functional cell-based bioassays...

We report here two patients exhibiting a combination of falsely elevated serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb), measured using Elecsys assay kits (Roche Diagnostics GmbH). The first patient was a 74-year-old man misdiagnosed with Graves' disease and treated with methimazole. The second patient was a 48-year-old woman whose serum FT4 and FT3 concentrations were found to be high during a blood test. These patients denied taking biotin or any other supplements...

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease that can have an association with endocrine disorders. There is conflicting information in the literature regarding the role of the thyroid gland in HS. This study aimed to close this knowledge gap and investigate how thyroid disease is involved in patients with HS. We carried out a case-control study with a total of 160 patients, of whom 108 were patients with HS and 52 were controls matched for age and sex. Parametric and non-parametric methods were used to analyze the results...

PURPOSE: To compare trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (trab-MMC) and XEN®45 Gel Stent placed ab externo with open conjunctiva (XGS AEO) with or without cataract surgery in patients with glaucoma. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, retrospective comparative study. SUBJECTS: A total of 204 eyes from 204 glaucoma patients who received XGS placed AEO or underwent trab-MMC with or without cataract surgery between July 2018 and August 2021 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear...

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) include a wide spectrum of thyroid diseases affecting more commonly women than men. The most frequent forms are Graves' Disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis / Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AIT), but there are also other immunogenic destructive forms of thyroiditis, that is, silent and postpartum thyroiditis. In the last decade, AITDs and other inflammatory thyroid diseases related to anti-tumor molecular drugs are more frequently seen due to the widespread use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs)...

INTRODUCTION: Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition affecting the thyroid gland. The aim of treating GD is to control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and achieve long-term remission. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are the medications of choice among newly-diagnosed GD patients as they are easy to be delivered and cause remission in more than 50% of patients. However, ATDs increase the risk of hepatotoxicity, especially among patients with liver abnormalities. Patients who cannot tolerate ATDs should receive definitive therapy such as radioactive iodine (RAI) or surgery...

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Grave's disease (GD) poses a challenge. Thyrotropin-receptor antibodies (TRAb) are the key diagnostic feature of GD, as the American and European Thyroid Associations suggested. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to find a cut-off level of TRAb in GD in Basrah. METHODS: This is a retrospective study that included 617 patients with hyperthyroidism (530 GD and 87 non-Grave's disease (NGD) (thyroiditis or subclinical hyperthyroidism))...