Medium chain fatty acids

BACKGROUND: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), belonging to ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-LC-PUFAs), are essential components of human diet. They are mainly supplemented by marine fish consumption, although their native producers are oleaginous microalgae. Currently, increasing demand for fish oils is insufficient to meet the entire global needs, which puts pressure on searching for the alternative solutions. One possibility may be metabolic engineering of plants with an introduced enzymatic pathway producing ω3-LC-PUFAs...

Limosilactobacillus reuteri ( L. reuteri ) is an efficacious probiotic that could reduce inflammation and prevent metabolic disorders. Here, we innovatively found that Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides (PKP) promoted proliferation and increased stability of L. reuteri WX-94 (a probiotic strain showing anti-inflammation potentials) in simulated digestive fluids in vitro . PKP was composed of galactose, glucose, mannose, and arabinose. The cell-free supernatant extracted from L. reuteri cultured with PKP increased ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP scavenging capacities compared with the supernatant of the medium without PKP and increased metabolites with health-promoting activities, e...

G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) was cloned as an orphan receptor, and medium-chain fatty acids were then revealed as endogenous ligands. GPR84 is expressed in immune cells and is believed to protect liver function from lipotoxicity caused by overeating and high-fat diet intake. This study aimed to present the molecular characterization of GPR84 in domestic cats. The deduced amino acid sequence of the feline GPR84 shows high sequence homology (83∼89 %) with the orthologues from other mammalians by cDNA cloning of feline GPR84...

BACKGROUND: Although sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) improve heart failure (HF)-related symptoms and outcomes in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In HF with reduced EF, dapagliflozin altered ketone and fatty acid metabolites vs placebo; however, metabolite signatures of SGLT2is have not been well elucidated in HFpEF. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess whether SGLT2i treatment altered systemic metabolic pathways and their relationship to outcomes in HFpEF...

BACKGROUND: Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) often suffer from cachexia, a wasting syndrome that significantly reduces both quality of life and survival. Although advanced cachexia is associated with inflammatory signalling and elevated muscle catabolism, the early events driving wasting are poorly defined. During periods of nutritional scarcity, the body relies on hepatic ketogenesis to generate ketone bodies, and lipid metabolism via ketogenesis is thought to protect muscle from catabolizing during nutritional scarcity...

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of rumen and the expression of tight junction proteins in Honghe Yellow cattle. A total of fifteen male Honghe Yellow cattle were randomly divided into three treatments (five replicates per treatment), consisting of formulated energy concentrations of 5.90 MJ/kg (high-energy diet, group H), 5.60 MJ/kg (medium-energy diet, group M) and 5.30 MJ/kg (low-energy diet, group L)...

CONTEXT: Due to the essential role of carnitine as an intermediary in amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, a detailed characterization of circulating and urinary carnitine concentrations will aid in elucidating the molecular basis of impaired maternal metabolic flexibility and facilitating timely intervention for expectant mothers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of maternal plasma and urinary free carnitine and acylcarnitines with cardiometabolic risk factors...

Aging is often associated with chronic inflammation and declining health. Both veterinarians and owners of aging dogs and cats are interested in nutritional solutions and strategies to prevent signs of age-related disease, increase longevity, and improve quality of life. Physiological decreases in muscle mass, decreased immunity, and a decrease in sense acuity are some of the changes often seen in otherwise healthy senior pets; however, there may also be an increase in risk for pathologies such as renal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neoplastic diseases...

The tandem application of CO2 electrolysis with syngas fermentation holds promise for achieving heightened production rates and improved product quality. However, the significant impact of syngas composition on mixed culture-based microbial chain elongation remains unclear. Additionally, effective methods for generating syngas with an adjustable composition from acidic CO2 electrolysis are currently lacking. This study successfully demonstrated the production of medium-chain fatty acids from CO2 through tandem acidic electrolysis with syngas fermentation...

This study investigated the effect of Erchen Decoction(ECD) on the prevention of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) in mice and explored its possible mechanism, so as to provide scientific data for the clinical application of ECD in the prevention of NASH. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into normal group(methionine and choline supplement, MCS), model group(methionine and choline deficient, MCD), low-dose ECD group(ECD＿L, 6 g·kg~(-1)), medium-dose ECD group(ECD＿M, 12 g·kg~(-1)), and high-dose ECD group(ECD＿H, 24 g·kg~(-1)), with eight mice in each group...

Microbial conversion of agri-food waste to valuable compounds offers a sustainable route to develop the bioeconomy and contribute to sustainable biorefinery. Clostridium tyrobutyricum displays a series of native traits suitable for high productivity conversion of agri-food waste, which make it a promising host for the production of various compounds, such as the short-chain fatty acids and their derivative esters products. In this study, a butanol synthetic pathway was constructed in C. tyrobutyricum , and then efficient butyl butyrate production through in situ esterification was achieved by the supplementation of lipase into the fermentation...

BACKGROUND: Mammalian cells both import exogenous fatty acids and synthesize them de novo. Palmitate, the end product of fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a substrate for stearoyl-CoA desaturases (Δ-9 desaturases) that introduce a single double bond into fatty acyl-CoA substrates such as palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. This process is particularly upregulated in lipogenic tissues and cancer cells. Tracer methodology is needed to determine uptake versus de novo synthesis of lipids and subsequent chain elongation and desaturation...

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are primarily produced from fermentation of fiber, regulate insulin secretion through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3). As these are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), they have potential therapeutic value as targets for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The exact mechanism by which these receptors regulate insulin secretion and other aspects of pancreatic β cell function is unclear. It has been reported that glucose-dependent release of acetate from pancreatic β cells negatively regulates glucose stimulated insulin secretion...

Association networks are widely applied for the prediction of bacterial interactions in studies of human gut microbiomes. However, the experimental validation of the predicted interactions is challenging due to the complexity of gut microbiomes and the limited number of cultivated bacteria. In this study, we addressed this challenge by integrating in vitro time series network (TSN) associations and co-cultivation of TSN taxon pairs. Fecal samples were collected and used for cultivation and enrichment of gut microbiome on YCFA agar plates for 13 days...

Most studies on fat appetite have focused on long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) due to their obesogenic properties. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), conversely, exhibit anti-obesogenic effects; however, the regulation of MCTs intake remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mice can distinguish between MCTs and LCTs, and the specific appetite for MCTs is governed by hepatic β-oxidation. We generated liver-specific medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-deficient (MCADL-/- ) mice and analyzed their preference for MCTs and LCTs solutions using glyceryl trioctanoate (C8-TG), glyceryl tridecanoate (C10-TG), corn oil, and lard oil in two-bottle choice tests conducted over 8 days...

Sorghum is a potential prebiotic ascribed to the high native resistant starch (RS) content. Our previous studies on raw sorghum have revealed prominent amino acid fermentation despite the high RS content. Interestingly, autoclaved-freeze-dried sorghum fed rats exhibited beneficial microbial and biochemical profiles. Having a keen interest to reciprocally scrutinize the underlying mechanisms behind these contrasting outcomes, we used an in vitro porcine batch fermentation model. The fermentable substrates in raw and autoclaved-freeze-dried (three cycles) sorghum (AC) after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion fostered similar bacterial community structures, yet with significant differences in the characteristic amylolytic microbial taxa abundance and their temporal variation...

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have identified plasma metabolites associated with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease; however, little research on this topic has been conducted in Latinos, especially Puerto Ricans. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to add to the growing body of metabolomics research in Latinos to better understand and improve the health of this population. METHODS: We assessed the association between plasma metabolites and global cognition over 12 years of follow-up in 736 participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS)...

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Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed edible oil, which is removed from the mature coconuts. It is a colourless water insoluble liquid and obtained by the hot and cold extraction processes. The nutritional components of VCO are mainly contributed to by lauric acid, its primary content. VCO has shown its anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory properties. Because of these medicinal properties, VCO has gained the wider attention among the medical field. Most evidently VCO has shown its potential antioxidant property, because of its phenolic compounds and medium chain fatty acids...

BACKGROUND: The postoperative inflammatory response is associated with postoperative recovery in surgery. n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to lower inflammation. The postoperative role of parenteral n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on outcomes in Crohn's disease after bowel resection is unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effects of postoperative parenteral n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in Crohn's disease...