Imaging epilepsy

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a subset of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) that involves a febrile infection prior to the onset of the refractory status epilepticus. It is unclear whether FIRES and non-FIRES NORSE are distinct conditions. Here, we compare 34 patients with FIRES to 30 patients with non-FIRES NORSE for demographics, clinical features, neuroimaging, and outcomes. Because patients with FIRES were younger than patients with non-FIRES NORSE (median = 28 vs...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Higher magnetic field strength introduces stronger magnetic field inhomogeneities in the brain, especially within temporal lobes, leading to image artifacts. Particularly, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images can be affected by these artifacts. Here, we aimed to improve the FLAIR image quality in temporal lobe regions through image processing of multiple contrast images via machine learning using a neural network. METHODS: Thirteen drug-resistant MR-negative epilepsy patients (age 29...

OBJECTIVE: Brain areas implicated in semantic memory can be damaged in patients with epilepsy (PWE). However, it is challenging to delineate semantic processing deficits from acoustic, linguistic, and other verbal aspects in current neuropsychological assessments. We developed a new Visual-based Semantic Association Task (ViSAT) to evaluate nonverbal semantic processing in PWE. METHOD: The ViSAT was adapted from similar predecessors (Pyramids & Palm Trees test, PPT; Camels & Cactus Test, CCT) comprised of 100 unique trials using real-life color pictures that avoid demographic, cultural, and other potential confounds...

Peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) is one of the most significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells. Zn2+ in living cells plays an essential part in different physiological processes. The abnormal concentration of ONOO- and Zn2+ in living cells are related to many kinds of diseases, such as anemia, epilepsy, diarrhea, Alzheimer's disease, and so on. The relationship of ONOO- and Zn2+ in living cells when the relative disease occurs remains unknown. So we develop the first probe H-1 for detecting ONOO- and Zn2+ at the same time...

A 63-year-old man developed reduced consciousness and dysphagia progressively. Examination and parameters were normal, except for a Glasgow Coma Scale score of seven, and his grading on the swallow water test increased from grade 1 to grade 5. Brain imaging and blood tests were unexplainable except by high plasma ammonia. His past medical history included cerebral infarction, hypertension and epilepsy induced by cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. He was rceiving antiepileptic treatment of continuously intravenously pumped sodium valproate of 64 mg/h for 4 days, which overlapped for 12 hours with taking 500 mg sustained release tablets...

To our knowledge, this is a unique report of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) of an intracranial cottonoid. The current literature describes images of cottonoids as a post-operative finding in the setting of an unintentionally retained foreign body; however, the iMRI images we present are important as the use of iMRI in the resection of complex tumors and epilepsy foci increases. This series of images was obtained during a craniotomy for tumor resection of a patient with dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor...

PURPOSE: Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) is increasingly utilized for localization of seizure foci, functional mapping, and neurocognitive research due to its ability to target deep and difficult to reach anatomical locations and to study in vivo brain function with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The research potential of sEEG is constrained by the need for accurate localization of the implanted electrodes in a common template space for group analyses. METHODS: We present an algorithm to automate the grouping of sEEG electrodes by trajectories, labelled by target and insertion point...

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether hippocampal T2 hyperintensity predicts sequelae of febrile status epilepticus, including hippocampal atrophy, sclerosis, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: Acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained within a mean of 4.4 (SD = 5.5, median = 2.0) days after febrile status on >200 infants with follow-up MRI at approximately 1, 5, and 10 years. Hippocampal size, morphology, and T2 signal intensity were scored visually by neuroradiologists blinded to clinical details...

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare outcomes including seizure-free status at the last follow-up in adult patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy identified as lesional vs. non-lesional based on their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings who underwent invasive evaluation followed by subsequent resection or thermal ablation (LiTT). METHODS: We identified 88 adult patients who underwent intracranial monitoring between 2014 and 2021. Of those, 40 received resection or LiTT, and they were dichotomized based on MRI findings, as lesional ( N  = 28) and non-lesional ( N  = 12)...

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Epilepsy can be defined as a dysfunction of the brain network, and each type of epilepsy involves different brain-network changes that are implicated differently in the control and propagation of interictal or ictal discharges. Gaining more detailed information on brain network alterations can help us to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and pave the way for brain network-based precise therapeutic approaches in clinical practice. An increasing number of advanced neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tractography, diffusion kurtosis imaging-based fiber tractography, fiber ball imaging-based tractography, electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, positron emission tomography, molecular imaging, and functional ultrasound imaging have been extensively used to delineate epileptic networks...

Epilepsy is a disorder of brain networks, that is usually combined with cognitive and emotional impairment. However, most of the current research on closed-loop pathways in epilepsy is limited to the neuronal level or has focused only on known closed-loop pathways, and studies on abnormalities in closed-loop pathways in epilepsy at the whole-brain network level are lacking. A total of 26 patients with magnetic resonance imaging-negative pharmacoresistant epilepsy (MRIneg-PRE) and 26 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study...

Retraction: "Silencing lncRNA PVT1 inhibits activation of astrocytes and increases BDNF expression in hippocampus tissues of rats with epilepsy by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway", by Teng Zhao, Ying Ding, Min Li, Chunkui Zhou, and Weihong Lin, J Cell Physiol. 2019; 234: 16054-16067: The above article, published online on 25 February 2019 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcp.28264) has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor in Chief, Alexander Hutchison, and Wiley Periodicals LLC...

This case demonstrates a diagnostic dilemma regarding the management of seizures in the postnatal setting. It seeks to highlight the importance of a thorough exploration of history and risk factors for females presenting with seizures in the postpartum period to ensure appropriate treatment and workup. Preeclampsia (PET) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 2%-8% of pregnancies worldwide. Less than 1% of females with preeclampsia experience eclamptic seizures. However, they are associated with significant mortality and morbidity...

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants of PCDH19, located on the X-chromosome (Xq22.1), cause a rare epileptic encephalopathy with speech and development delay, seizures, behavioral and psychiatric problems. The specific underlying pathogenic mechanism is known as "cellular interference" that results in affected heterozygous females, normal hemizygous males and affected mosaic males but its functioning is not yet clear. OBJECTIVES: Reporting new cases of affected males is considered useful to a deeper insight...

The white cerebellum sign is a concerning but uncommon radiological imaging result that is frequently seen in patients with severe, frequently irreversible anoxic-ischemic brain injury. Due to its frequent correlation with an unfavorable prognosis, radiologists must recognize this sign. We report the case of a 1 year old girl with history of epilepsy who presented with deterioration of conscious level and focal fits and brain computed tomography scan done on her revealed the white cerebellum sign.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The indications for neuroimaging in emergency department (ED) patients presenting with seizures have not been clearly defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the findings that may influence the emergency management of patients with seizures undergoing brain computed tomography (CT) and the factors that influence these findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center study. Patients presenting to the ED with seizures-both patients with diagnosed epilepsy and patients with first-time seizures-who underwent brain CT were included...

OBJECTIVES: There is a complex, reciprocal link between epilepsy and the hypothalami pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the HPA axis in individuals with focal epilepsy, including those with right- or left-hemispheric lateralized epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 60 individuals with focal epilepsy, ages 18 to 85, with seizures coming from a single hemisphere, no destructive lesions on cranial magnetic resonance imaging, and 32 healthy persons...

GCaMP is a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) widely used in neuroscience research. It measures intracellular Ca2+ level by fluorescence changes as it directly binds to Ca2+ . In this process, the effect of this calcium buffer on the intracellular calcium signaling and cell physiology is often not taken into consideration. However, growing evidence from calcium imaging studies shows GCaMP expression under certain conditions can generate aberrant activity, such as seizures. In this study, we examined the effect of GCaMP6 expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) on epileptogenesis...

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. Almost half of patients who have an unprovoked first seizure (UFS) have additional seizures and develop epilepsy. No current predictive models exist to determine who has a higher risk of recurrence to guide treatment. Emerging evidence suggests alterations in cognition, mood and brain connectivity exist in the population with UFS. Baseline evaluations of these factors following a UFS will enable the development of the first multimodal biomarker-based predictive model of seizure recurrence in adults with UFS...