solubility

Vanillyl alcohol (VA) possesses potent antioxidant activity, yet its applicability is hindered by its limited solubility in emulsions or non-polar organic solvents. Conversely, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit antibacterial properties. The combination of these compounds offers the prospect of developing novel phenolic lipid compounds with dual antioxidant and antibacterial activities, alongside enhanced solubility capabilities. In this investigation, linolenic acid vanillyl ester (LAVE) was synthesized from VA and linseed oil (LO) through a transesterification reaction employing immobilized lipase...

Ulva is one of the main green algae causing green tide disasters. Ulvan is the primarily component polysaccharide of the cell wall of Ulva and its complex structure and monosaccharide composition resulted in various biological activities. However, the high-value and effective utilization of extracted ulvan have been obstructed by limitations ranging from large molecular weight and low solubility to poor bioavailability. Ulva oligosaccharide obtained by degrading ulvan can not only ideally retain the various biological activities of ulvan very well but also effectively solve the problems of low solubility and poor bioavailability...

The Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLLs) was successfully immobilized within a novel hydrogel matrix through a two-step crosslinking method. TLLs were initially crosslinked through the Schiff base reaction by oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC). The water-soluble OCMC@TLLs complex was subsequently crosslinked by carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCSH) in a microfluidic apparatus to form the CMCHS/OCMC@TLLs microspheres. The CD (Circular Dichroism, CD) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR) spectra demonstrated that the crosslinking of TLLs with OCMC resulted in a less significant impact on their structure compared to that with glutaraldehyde...

BACKGROUND: With introduction of "cone unit," which is the smallest resectable anatomical area supplied by a tertiary branch of Glissonean pedicle, more precise subsegmental anatomical resection has been proposed.1 Super-selective intra-arterial ICG staining, delivering ICG and lipiodol mixing to arterial branch using interventional radiology, has been proved feasibility especially for complicated anatomy.2-6 It was difficult to uniformly mix water-soluble ICG with lipophilic lipiodol, rendering to inconsistency development of liver segment between angiography and laparoscopy...

Organoids have emerged as robust tools for unravelling the mechanisms that underly tissue development. They also serve as important in vitro systems for studying fundamentals of stem cell behavior and for building advanced disease models. During early development, a crucial step in the formation of the central nervous system is patterning of the neural tube dorsal-ventral (DV) axis. Here we describe a simple and rapid culture protocol to produce human neuroepithelial (NE) cysts and DV-patterned organoids from single human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)...

Perylenequinones (PQs) from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. However, the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their clinical application. Light has long been recognized as a pivotal regulatory signal for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, we explored the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the growth and PQ biosynthesis in mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp. S9 exposed to red light. The continuous irradiation with red light (627 nm, 200 lx) suppressed fungal conidiation, promoted hyphal branching, and elicited a notable increase in PQ accumulation...

Sparingly-soluble phosphate rock (PR), a raw material for P-fertilizer production, can be effectively utilized by the As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata but not most plants. In this study, we investigated the associated mechanisms by measuring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere, and nutrient uptake and gene expression related to the As metabolism in P. vittata . The plants were grown in a soil containing 200 mg kg-1 As and/or 1.5% PR for 30 days. Compared to the As treatment, the P...

The development of semiconducting polymers with good processability in green solvents and competitive electrical performance is essential for realizing sustainable large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of organic electronics. A major obstacle is the processability-performance dichotomy that is dictated by the lack of ideal building blocks with balanced polarity, solubility, electronic structures, and molecular conformation. Herein, through the integration of donor, quinoid and acceptor units, an unprecedented building block, namely TQBT, is introduced for constructing a serial of conjugated polymers...

Excipients are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical products, and often, they can also play a critical role in maintaining product quality. For a product containing a moisture-sensitive drug, moisture can be deleterious to the product stability during storage. Therefore, using excipients that interact with moisture in situ can potentially alleviate product stability issues. In this study, the interactive behavior of starch with moisture was augmented by coprocessing maize starch with sodium chloride (NaCl) or magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg(NO3 )2 ·6H2 O] at different concentrations (5 and 10%, w/w)...

Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the primary treatment for ischemic stroke. However, rtPA treatment can substantially increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and susceptibility to hemorrhagic transformation. Herein, the mechanism underlying the side effects of rtPA treatment is investigated and demonstrated that ferroptosis plays an important role. The ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1 (Lip) is proposed to alleviate the side effects. A well-designed macrocyclic carrier, glucose-modified azocalix[4]arene (GluAC4A), is prepared to deliver Lip to the ischemic site...

The general strategy for n-type organic thermoelectric is to blend n-type conjugated polymer hosts with small molecule dopants. In this work, all-polymer n-type thermoelectric is reported by dissolving a novel n-type conjugated polymer and a polymer dopant, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), in alcohol solution, followed by spin-coating to give polymer host/polymer dopant blend film. To this end, an alcohol-soluble n-type conjugated polymer is developed by attaching polar and branched oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains to a cyano-substituted poly(thiophene-alt-co-thiazole) main chain...

Natural photosynthesis holds great potential to generate clean electricity from solar energy. In order to utilize this process for power generation, it is necessary to rewire photosynthetic electron transport chains (PETCs) of living photosynthetic organisms to redirect more electron flux toward an extracellular electrode. In this study, a semi-artificial rewiring strategy, which use a water-soluble fullerene derivative to capture electrons from PETCs and donate them for electrical current generation, is proposed...

Photocatalytic conversions of ethanol to valuable chemicals are significant organic synthesis reactions. Herein, we developed a CuCl2 /FeCl3 bimetallic photocatalyst for sustainable dehydration of ethanol to ethylene by recoverable redox cycles. The selectivity of ethylene was 98.3% for CuCl2 /FeCl3 , which is much higher than that of CuCl2 (34.5%) and FeCl3 (86.5%). Due to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process involved in generating the liquid products, the CuCl2 /FeCl3 catalyst will be reduced to CuCl/FeCl2 ...

Soluble N -glycosyltransferase from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (ApNGT) catalyzes the glycosylation of asparagine residues, and represents one of the most encouraging biocatalysts for N -glycoprotein production. Since the sugar tolerance of ApNGT is restricted to limited monosaccharides ( e.g. , Glc, GlcN, Gal, Xyl, and Man), tremendous efforts are devoted to expanding the substrate scope of ApNGT via enzyme engineering. However, rational design of novel NGT variants suffers from an elusive understanding of the substrate-binding process from a dynamic point of view...

Four bidentate boron Lewis acids based on the 1,8-diethynylanthracene backbone have been synthesized by a tin-boron exchange reaction with various chloroboranes, yielding the products in good to excellent yields. Complexation experiments of the host compounds with pyridine, pyrimidine and TMEDA demonstrated striking differences in terms of formation and solubility of the supramolecular adducts. The host-guest complexes were investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction experiments, illustrating the adaptation of the host system upon adduct formation with different neutral guest molecules...

Perovskites have attracted tremendous attention as potential catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is well-known that the introduction of Fe into rare earth perovskites such as LaNiO3 enhances the intrinsic OER activity. Despite numerous studies on structure-property relationships, the origin of the activity and the nature of the active species are still elusive and unclear. In this work, we study a series of LaNi x Fe1- x O3 perovskites using in situ electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy to decipher the surface evolution and formation of active species during OER...

BACKGROUND: In past years, thousands of protein-polysaccharide complexes have been studied to modify protein characteristics and functionality in food systems. However, the interaction between pea protein isolate (PPI) and soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) has not been thoroughly characterized yet. RESULTS: In the present work, the phase behavior of PPI and SSPS mixtures was analyzed as a function of PPI:SSPS mixing ratio (1:1 to 1:0.10) and pH (7.0 to 2.0), showing that these biopolymers could be electrostatically assembled at 1:1 to 1:0...

Understanding the behavior of colloidal phosphorus (Pcoll ) under anoxic conditions is pivotal for addressing soil phosphorus (P) mobilization and transport and its impact on nutrient cycling. Our study investigated Pcoll dynamics in acidic floodplain soil during a 30-day flooding event. The sudden oxic-to-anoxic shift led to a significant rise in pore-water Pcoll levels, which exceeded soluble P levels by more than 2.7-fold. Colloidal fractions transitioned from dispersed forms (<220 nm) to colloid-associated microaggregates (>220 nm), as confirmed by electron microscopy...

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad-spectrum therapeutic and effective drug, but it has serious side effects of toxicity and solubility. Therefore, reducing its toxicity should be considered in therapeutic applications. Nanotechnology has paved the way to improve drug delivery systems and reduce toxicity. The present study, for the first time, comprehensively reviews the studies from 2011 to 2023 on reducing the in vitro toxicity of AmB. The findings showed that loading AmB with micellar structures, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, emulsions, poly lactide-co-glycolide acid, chitosan, dendrimers, and other polymeric nanoparticles increases the biocompatibility and efficacy of the drug and significantly reduces toxicity...

INTRODUCTION: Metformin is a biguanide used to manage patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, metabolic acidosis with an elevated lactate concentration and death caused by metformin overdoses are toxicological concerns. Although activated charcoal has been widely used for gastrointestinal decontamination in cases of acute poisoning, there is no evidence regarding its efficacy in treating metformin overdoses. We therefore evaluated the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for metformin in vitro ...