Bladder scan

A 53-year-old man with diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with a fever and impaired mobility. A preliminary diagnosis of urinary tract infection was made based on dysuria and pyuria. History-taking revealed a history of gait disturbance and difficult urination. A thorough physical examination suggested a spinal abnormality. MRI scan revealed a narrow spinal canal due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Throughout the diagnostic process, we employed both vertical tracing to investigate the causes of urinary tract infection and horizontal tracing to explore comorbidities such as diabetes...

OBJECTIVE: Functional MRI (fMRI) can be employed to assess neuronal activity in the central nervous system. However, investigating the spinal cord using fMRI poses several technical difficulties. Enhancing the fMRI signal intensity in the spinal cord can improve the visualization and analysis of different neural pathways, particularly those involved in bladder function. The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) is an excellent method for evaluating the integrity of the sacral spinal cord. Instead of stimulating the glans penis or clitoris, the BCR can be simulated comfortably by tapping the suprapubic region...

Cystitis glandularis is a rare benign condition, occurring in only 1% of the general population, and it tends to affect males more frequently. This pathology is characterized by reactive metaplasia of the bladder's urothelium, which results from chronic and recurrent irritation of the bladder wall. Symptoms are nonspecific and primarily marked by an irritative urinary syndrome accompanied by hematuria. We present a case of a young male patient with cystitis glandularis, discovered as a result of bilateral uretero-hydronephrosis detected during an ultrasound examination subsequent to an irritative urinary syndrome...

The measurement of bladder volume is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary system diseases. Ultrasound imaging, with its non-invasive, radiation-free, and repeatable scanning capabilities, has become the preferred method for measuring residual urine volume. Nevertheless, it still faces some challenges, including complex imaging methods leading to longer measurement times and lower spatial resolution. Here, we propose a novel three-point localization method that does not require ultrasound imaging to calculate bladder volume...

A Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) scan is a medical imaging test that examines the urinary tract, including the bladder, kidneys, and ureters. It helps diagnose various urinary tract diseases with precision. However, patients undergoing CTU imaging receive a relatively high dose of radiation, which can be a concern. In our research paper, we analyzed the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol ) and Dose-Length Product (DLP) for 203 adult patients who underwent CTU at one of the most important regional centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina that sees a large number of patients...

Intra-operative duplex ultrasound in renal transplantation was first described in 1998 and whilst reported in problematic cases, there are few reports of its routine use and no current published protocols. Since 2013, we have used intra-operative ultrasound in all renal transplants. The formal protocol used since August 2020 is presented as a reference document for other transplant centres. A Canon Aplio 800 ultrasound system with an i22LH8 hockey-stick transducer is used to image the renal cortex and major vessels, and an i8CX1 matrix transducer to image the graft during and after fascial closure...

BACKGROUND: Nuclear medicine uses radionuclides in medicine for diagnosis, staging, therapy, and monitoring the response to therapy. The application of radiopharmaceutical therapy for the treatment of certain diseases is well-established, and the field is expanding. Internal dosimetry is multifaceted and includes different workflows, as well as various calculations based on patient- specific dosimetry. AIM: The objective of this study was to introduce the technical issues which might occur during iodine-131 (¹³¹I) dosimetry performed in nuclear medicine departments...

BACKGROUND: The large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder is a rare malignancy. With its high aggressiveness and poor prognosis, the disease is often accompanied by metastasis or recurrence. The lack of specific clinical manifestations and imaging features causes considerable challenges for clinical diagnosis and treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of LCNEC of the urinary bladder. The patient was a 79-year-old male admitted to our hospital with recurrent episodes of asymptomatic gross hematuria...

BACKGROUND: Inguinal herniation of the urinary bladder is uncommon and those descending into the scrotum are even rarer. Although open anterior repair has been used for inguinal bladder hernia, the efficacy of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy has been reported in recent years. CASE PRESENTATION: A 63-year-old man presented with an irreducible right groin and scrotal bulge associated with voiding difficulty. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a dislocation of the urinary bladder descending into the right scrotum...

PURPOSE: We sought to summarize the value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the differential diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma (BPG) and bladder cancer. METHODS: The medical records of 19 patients with BPG (13 males, 6 females) and 56 patients with bladder cancer (49 males, 7 females) between November 2007 and June 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT scanning. RESULTS: Patient age (46...

PURPOSE: Meticulous manual delineations of the prostate and the surrounding organs at risk are necessary for prostate cancer radiation therapy to avoid side effects to the latter. This process is time consuming and hampered by inter- and intraobserver variability, all of which could be alleviated by artificial intelligence (AI). This study aimed to evaluate the performance of AI compared with manual organ delineations on computed tomography (CT) scans for radiation treatment planning...

BACKGROUND: Bladder lithiasis comprises 5% of urological lithiasis. Large bladder stones associated with vesicovaginal fistulas are rare, and the risk factors are not an isolated process. There are metabolic comorbidities associated with this pathology, including diabetes mellitus. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old Mestizo patient is presented, reporting dysuria, pollakiuria, and abdominal pain of 4 months of evolution, located in the hypogastric region, also with a sensation of a foreign body in the vaginal introitus...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: DJ stents are widely used in urological procedures and interventions. One of the main problems associated with DJ stent is encrustation and stone formation. The main risk factor for Forgotten, encrusted and calcified (FECal) stent is duration of the stent placement. In addition to high index of suspicion, Imaging like U/S and CT scan are important diagnostic modality. Multiple endourologic and open procedure may be needed for management of fecal stent. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report is to discuss a 23 years old female patient with a neglected stent after right pyelolithotomy was done 6 years back...

This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes and identify the predictive factors of a bladder-preservation approach incorporating maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) coupled with either pembrolizumab or chemotherapy for patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who opted against definitive local therapy. We conducted a retrospective analysis on 53 MIBC (cT2-T3N0M0) patients who initially planned for neoadjuvant pembrolizumab or chemotherapy after maximal TURBT but later declined radical cystectomy and radiotherapy...

OBJECTIVES: Contouring similarity metrics are often used in studies of inter-observer variation and automatic segmentation but do not provide an assessment of clinical impact. This study focused on post-prostatectomy radiotherapy and aimed to 1) identify if there is a relationship between variations in commonly used contouring similarity metrics and resulting dosimetry and 2) identify the variation in clinical target volume (CTV) contouring that significantly impacts dosimetry. APPROACH: The study retrospectively analysed CT scans of 10 patients from the TROG 08...

Background Cervical cancer is a widespread health issue in India, particularly affecting women as the second most common cancer. The burden of cervical cancer in the country necessitates accurate staging for treatment optimization. The revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system is vital for this purpose, emphasizing the extent of parametrial and pelvic sidewall involvement. Cervical cancer's propensity to infiltrate neighboring pelvic organs, including the bladder, necessitates precise staging...

CASE: We present a case of an 8-year-old boy with classical bladder exstrophy and a neglected right hip dislocation, exemplifying the risk of missed developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in patients with exstrophy requiring careful orthopaedic oversight. CONCLUSIONS: When treating patients with bladder exstrophy, physicians and surgeons should be vigilant not to miss associated DDH. If this condition requires surgical treatment, preoperative planning with computed tomography scans is vital to uncovering the complexities arising from abnormal pelvic and acetabular anatomy and ensuring successful treatment outcomes...

BACKGROUND: Postoperative urinary retention is a common complication after total hip and knee arthroplasty. Postvoid residual (PVR) scanning is a noninvasive method commonly used to evaluate this complication. Preoperatively increased PVR (PrePVR) has been suggested as a risk factor for postoperative catheterization. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the importance of PrePVR and its relationship with urinary catheter placement, urology consult, and length of stay postoperatively...

Background With the increasing use of imaging techniques involving ionizing radiation, the area of the body scanned should be restricted to what is required to answer the clinical question. Therefore, this is a retrospective audit that intends to evaluate the presence of overscanning in renal computed tomography (CT) scan images during the process of evaluation for urinary symptoms. Objective This study aims to reduce the unnecessary scan length and exposure to radiation in patients who undergo CT scans for urinary symptoms...

OBJECTIVES: Accurately acquiring and assigning different contrast-enhanced phases in computed tomography (CT) is relevant for clinicians and for artificial intelligence orchestration to select the most appropriate series for analysis. However, this information is commonly extracted from the CT metadata, which is often wrong. This study aimed at developing an automatic pipeline for classifying intravenous (IV) contrast phases and additionally for identifying contrast media in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)...