cocain toxicity treatment

The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish...

We present a case here where a 57-year-old South Asian male with disturbed mental status developed multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which we believe was caused by cocaine usage. Cocaine was detected in the urine toxicological sample. Non-acute CT head, with a follow-up brain MRI demonstrating hyperintensity of the T2 FLAIR signal corresponding to diffusion restriction throughout the whole supratentorial white matter, involving semiovale and subcortical U fibres in the occipital lobes as well as posterior frontal and parietal centrum...

OBJECTIVE: The QRS complex duration is commonly used to prognosticate severity, predict outcomes, and indicate treatment in overdose. However, literature to support this practice is mixed in tricyclic antidepressant overdoses and absent in non-tricyclic antidepressant overdoses. Our objective was to assess the validity of QRS complex duration as a prognostic marker in overdose. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of cases reported to the Toxicology Investigators Consortium between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2022...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Cocaine, the second most abused drug in Morocco after cannabis, has been associated with multiple cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, and digestive complications. Colonic perforation following cocaine abuse is relatively lesser-known and requires attention as abuse rates are increasing, and existing evidence is scarce. Only a few cases have been reported in medical literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 42-year-old male cocaine addict who presented with acute peritonitis...

BACKGROUND: Perception of drug adulteration has increased in Mexico, but there is little research on adulterants and toxicity. The aim of this study was to identify drug composition in an electronic music outdoor festival nearby Mexico City. METHODS: The participants completed a questionnaire with demographic data, harm reduction strategies, drug-use patterns, history, and the drug they expected to find. We took a small sample of each substance and prepared it for drug checking...

A humanized monoclonal antibody h2E2 designed to bind cocaine with high affinity, specificity, and a long half-life (~7 d in rats) is being developed as a treatment for cocaine use disorder. We report here a pharmacokinetic (PK) study of h2E2 using male and female rats conducted under a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) protocol over a dose range of 40 to 1200 mg/kg. The maximum concentration measured in rat plasma (Cmax ) varied proportionately to the dose administered in both male and female rats...

RATIONALE: Toxic leukoencephalopathy, a condition resulting from exposure to toxic substances, can lead to malignant catatonia, a severe motor dysfunction with symptoms such as muscle rigidity and high-spiking fever, hypertensive urgency, and tachycardia. This case study investigates the relationship between toxic leukoencephalopathy-induced malignant catatonia and heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of autonomic nervous system function. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 51-year-old male presented to the emergency department with acute onset of progressively worsening mental status...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is a commonly used suicidal agent in an agrarian country like Nepal. The unmasking of the Brugada pattern in the electrocardiogram (ECG) associated with ALP poisoning is a rare phenomenon, and studies pertaining to it are scarce in the medical literature. CASE PRESENTATION: An 18-year-old female presented to the emergency department with multiple episodes of vomiting, headache, blurring of vision, and abdominal pain after 4 h of consumption of ALP with suicidal intent...

Toxicant-induced injury is a significant global health issue. However, the mechanisms through which toxicants such as carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, dimethylformamide, cocaine, and morphine induce the death of multiple cell types and contribute to liver toxicity are highly complex. This phenomenon involves intricate signaling pathways in association with oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of death receptors, which are closely linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress initially triggers the unfolded protein response, which either promotes cell survival or causes cell death at later times, depending on the severity and duration of the stress...

In this focused update, the American Heart Association provides updated guidance for resuscitation of patients with cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and refractory shock due to poisoning. Based on structured evidence reviews, guidelines are provided for the treatment of critical poisoning from benzodiazepines, β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (also known as β-blockers), L-type calcium channel antagonists (commonly called calcium channel blockers), cocaine, cyanide, digoxin and related cardiac glycosides, local anesthetics, methemoglobinemia, opioids, organophosphates and carbamates, sodium channel antagonists (also called sodium channel blockers), and sympathomimetics...

Residues of illicit drugs are frequently detected in wastewater, but data on their removal efficiency by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the ecological risks to the aquatic environment are lacking in this study. The research evaluates the residues, mass load, drug removal efficiency, and risk assessment of illicit drugs in WWTPs and aquatic environments (lakes) in Xinjiang, China. Initially, the concentration (incidence) and mass load of 10 selected illicit drugs were analyzed through wastewater analysis...

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The body packer swallows or embeds drugs in body cavities in a purposeful way. Packets usually contain of opium, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamines. The significant complications of body packing usually are symptoms of drug toxicity due to leaking or ruptured packets or symptoms of ingesting relatively large foreign bodies. Herein, we present a case of heroin body-packing that resulted in subsequent bowel obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old male, who was brought from the prison to the emergency department, complained of abdominal pain...

Cannabis, cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide are psychoactive substances with a significant increase in consumption during the 21st century due to their popularity in medicinal and recreational use. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) mimic established psychoactive substances. NPSs are known as being natural and safe to consumers; however, they are neither natural nor safe, causing severe adverse reactions, including seizures, nephrotoxicity, and sometimes death. Synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, and piperazines are all examples of NPSs...

Cocaine is a highly addictive substance. Its poisoning can lead to potentially fatal multi-organ dysfunction. We report a case of cocaine overdose with severe multi-organ dysfunction. A healthy 51-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room due to behaviour changes and seizure after inhaling crack. Multiple dysfunctions were developed, with emphasis on liver and kidney dysfunction, due to their severity. The patient had marked hepatic cytolysis with a peak on the third day with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 7941 and 4453 IU/L, respectively with mild coagulopathy and hyperbilirubinemia...

INTRODUCTION: We have previously described the preclinical developments in enzyme-loaded red blood cells to be used in the treatment of several rare diseases, as well as in chronic conditions. AREA COVERED: Since our previous publication we have seen further progress in the previously discussed approaches and, interestingly enough, in additional new studies that further strengthen the idea that red blood cell-based therapeutics may have unique advantages over conventional enzyme replacement therapies in terms of efficacy and safety...

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a well-recognized non-ischemic complication of physical and emotional stressors leading to heart dysfunction. Both thyroid storm and cocaine have been implicated with TCM to varying degrees. We present the case of a 26-year-old male with Graves' disease and cocaine abuse who was hospitalized with thyroid storm resulting in takotsubo cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic shock. The patient had a long and complicated hospital course, requiring advanced therapies including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and other medical and mechanical circulatory support therapies...

This study will provide a thorough review of systemic (and select intravitreal) medications, along with illicit drugs that are capable of causing various patterns of retinal toxicity. The diagnosis is established by taking a thorough medication and drug history, and then by pattern recognition of the clinical retinal changes and multimodal imaging features. Examples of all of these types of toxicity will be thoroughly reviewed, including agents that cause retinal pigment epithelial disruption (hydroxychloroquine, thioridazine, pentosan polysulfate sodium, dideoxyinosine), retinal vascular occlusion (quinine, oral contraceptives), cystoid macular edema/retinal edema (nicotinic acid, sulfa-containing medications, taxels, glitazones), crystalline deposition (tamoxifen, canthaxanthin, methoxyflurane), uveitis, miscellaneous, and subjective visual symptoms (digoxin, sildenafil)...

Over the last year, NPSs have been steadily on the rise in the illicit drug market. Among these, synthetic cathinones seem to become increasingly popular among young adults, mainly because of their ability to replicate the effects of traditional psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine, MDMA and amphetamines. However, scarce data are available about the in vivo pharmaco-toxicology of these new substances. To this end, this study focused on evaluation of effects induced by repeated administration of mephtetramine (MTTA 0...

A promising strategy for cocaine addiction treatment is the anti-drug vaccine. These vaccines induce the production of anticocaine antibodies, capable of linking to cocaine, and decrease the passage of cocaine throughout the blood-brain barrier, decreasing drug activity in the brain. Our research group developed a new vaccine candidate, the UFMG-V4N2, to treat cocaine use disorders (CUD) using an innovative carrier based on calixarenes. This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the anti-cocaine vaccine UFMG-VAC-V4N2 in a non-human primate toxicity study using single and multiple vaccine doses...

Pets can have accidental, intentional, or malicious exposure to illicit drugs. It is a growing concern over the last decade because there is an increase in usage of illicit drugs in humans and diagnosis is difficult. Owners are often not aware of exposure, or they are reluctant to admit possession of recreational drugs in the household due to potential legal consequences. In addition, illicit drugs sold on the black market are often adulterated with other substances resulting in non-specific clinical presentation and aggravation of symptoms...