XCO

Sprint performance is critical for endurance performance in sports characterized by multiple accelerations like a cross-country Olympic mountain bike (XCO MTB) race. There are indications that 10-25 weeks of heavy strength training (HST) can improve cycling sprint power in cyclists. However, there is a lack of data on the effect of continuing HST across several seasons. In the first part of this case report, two elite cyclists performed HST across two preparatory periods (i.e., 1.5 years), while two others continued with endurance training only...

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is a major greenhouse gas. This study investigated the performance of three common algorithms, namely NIES, ACOS, and Remo Tec (SRFP). These algorithms were compared using GOSAT observation satellite data with reference data obtained from TCCON during the period 2009-2021. According to statistical evaluation, the SRFP and NIES algorithms achieved the lowest and highest correlation values of the 13 year (2009_2021) average of all sites, respectively. The average bias error values of NIES and ACOS was estimated to be less than that of SRFP approximately 0...

To improve performance in endurance sports, it is important to include both high-intensity and low-intensity training, but there is neither a universally accepted practice nor clear scientific evidence that allows reliable statements about the predominance of a specific training method. This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of a polarized training model (POL) to a low-intensity training model (LIT) on physiological parameters and mountain bike cross-country Olympic (XCO) race performance in eighteen competitive XCO athletes (17...

BACKGROUND: The initial derivation of cardiac power output (CPO) included the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) in the numerator, before multiplying by cardiac output (CO). We hypothesized that the inclusion of RAP (CPO-RAP) would enhance the prognostic performance of this parameter in those with an elevated RAP. METHODS AND RESULTS: We obtained patient-level data from the ESCAPE trial via the Biolincc database. Participants with full final hemodynamics were included in the analysis...

Top-down modeling estimates are among the most reliable information available on the CO2 fluxes of the earth system. The inadequate coverage of CO2 observing stations over the tropical regions adds a limitation to this estimate, especially when the satellite XCO2 is strictly screened for cloud contamination, aerosol, dust, etc. In this study, we investigated the potential benefit of a global ground-based observing station network, 17 newly proposed stations over India, and global satellite XCO2 in reducing the uncertainty of terrestrial biospheric fluxes of Tropical Asia-Eurasia in TransCom cyclo-stationary inversion...

This study investigated the correlation between cycling economy (CE) and gross efficiency (GE) in Olympic cross-country mountain biking (XCO-MTB) race performance. Also was examined the correlation between CE, GE, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ). Sixteen male XCO-MTB athletes (30.9 ± 5.2 years, 68.7 ± 5.6 kg, 175.0 ± 5.7 cm, and VO2peak : 65.4 ± 4.9 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 ) completed two experimental sessions. On the first, anthropometric assessments and a maximal incremental test were performed. The maximal incremental test was performed in the cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak , CE, and GE...

Cone and distance-cone corrected statistical analyses have been performed on X-C⋅⋅⋅O (X=H, B, C, N, O and F; the C atom is sp2 and sp3 hybridized) tetrel bonds. The sp3 -C and sp2 -C prefer to form the interactions through σ-hole (∠XCO≈180°) and π-hole (∠XCO≈90°), respectively. With the increase in electronegativity of X, the preference for the particular angles of the respective geometries increases and the C⋅⋅⋅O distance becomes shorter. The angular preference is found to be more prominent in the cases of π-hole interactions than that in the σ-hole interactions...

BACKGROUND: Nitrile hydratase (NHase), was an excellent biocatalyst for the synthesis of amide compounds. NHase was typical heterodimeric metalloprotein, required of the assistance of activator for active expressions. In this work, we found a special Co-NHase HBA from Caldalkalibacillus thermarum, which had the ability of post-translational self-modification and could incorporate Co2+ into the catalytic center in the absence of activator. METHOD AND RESULTS: We simulated the movement of Co2+ in silico and established a hypothetical model to predict the Co2+ incorporation efficiency (XCo ) of NHases...

Objective: To examine the power profiles and pacing patterns in relation to critical power (CP) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) output during a cross-country Olympic (XCO) mountain bike race. Methods: Five male and two female national competitive XCO cyclists completed a UCI Cat. 1 XCO race. The races were 19 km and 23 km and contained five (female) and six (male) laps, respectively. Power output (PO) during the race was measured with the cyclists' personal power meters. On two laboratory tests using their own bikes and power meters, CP and work capacity above CP ( W' ) were calculated using three time trials of 12, 7, and 3 min, while MAP was established based on a 3-step submaximal test and the maximal oxygen uptake from the 7-min time trial...

BACKGROUND: In painful epicondylitis, previous studies reported deficiencies in elbow proprioception. In line, proprioceptive training of the lower limb has been reported substantial beneficial in a number of indications. Therefore, we have asked if a specified proprioceptive training using training devices that are capable of activating the deep musculature in the upper limb is able to reduce the symptoms of epicondylitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 71 patients with painful lateral epicondylitis > 3 months...

Environmental remediation has become more effective when using nanotechnologies. In this study, iron oxide (α-Fe2 O3 ) nanospheres with different cobalt doping levels (xCo-Fe2 O3 ) were synthesised and applied in the heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA). The catalyst (3Co-Fe2 O3 ) with 3% Co doping exhibits the best performance for PMS activation, possibly because of the larger specific surface area and the tailored catalyst surface as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)...

A growing constellation of satellites is providing near-global coverage of column-averaged CO2 observations. Launched in 2019, NASA's OCO-3 instrument is set to provide XCO2 observations at a high spatial and temporal resolution for regional domains (100 × 100 km). The atmospheric column version of the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (X-STILT) model is an established method of determining the influence of upwind sources on column measurements of the atmosphere, providing a means of analysis for current OCO-3 observations and future space-based column-observing missions...

TanSat is the 1st Chinese carbon dioxide (CO2 ) measurement satellite, launched in 2016. In this study, the University of Leicester Full Physics (UoL-FP) algorithm is implemented for TanSat nadir mode XCO2 retrievals. We develop a spectrum correction method to reduce the retrieval errors by the online fitting of an 8th order Fourier series. The spectrum-correction model and its a priori parameters are developed by analyzing the solar calibration measurement. This correction provides a significant improvement to the O2 A band retrieval...

OBJECTIVES: To identify relevant physiological, mechanical, and strength indices to improve the evaluation of elite mountain bike riders competing in the current Cross-Country Olympic (XCO) format. METHODS: Considering the evolution of the XCO race format over the last decade, the present testing protocol adopted a battery of complementary laboratory cycling tests: a maximal aerobic consumption, a force-velocity test, and a multi-short-sprint test. A group of 33 elite-level XCO riders completed the entire testing protocol and at least 5 international competitions...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cross-country mountain biking and field hockey are two Olympic sports that pose a potential risk for dentofacial trauma. However, mouthguard use is not mandatory in either of these sports and knowledge about tooth rescue among athletes is often neglected. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological survey was to evaluate the prevalence of sports-related dentofacial injuries, mouthguard use and attitudes regarding tooth rescue among cross-country mountain biking and field hockey athletes participating at pre-Olympic competitions held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil...

Olympic distance cross-country cycling (XCO) is a discipline subject to wide performance variability due to uncontrollable environmental factors such as altitude, ambient temperature and/or humidity. This study therefore aimed to investigate the impact of environmental factors on XCO performance in under-23 and elite female and male categories.Individual data were collected from Continental Cup, World Cup, World Championship, and Olympics Games for U23 and elite female and male categories from 2009 to 2018...

Mountain bike cross-country Olympic has an intermittent performance profile, underlining the importance of short-term but high cycling power output. Previous findings indicate that power output during sprint tests differs between laboratory and field-based conditions and that cycling cadence rises with increasing workload. The aim was therefore to examine power output and cadence in short-term efforts under laboratory and field conditions. Twenty-three competitive athletes (17.9±3.7 years) performed a laboratory power profile test and a simulated race within one week...

This paper reports a novel composite-based processing route for improving the electrical performance of Ca3 Co4 O9 thermoelectric (TE) ceramics. The approach involves the addition of metallic Co, acting as a pore filler on oxidation, and considers two simple sintering schemes. The (1-x)Ca3 Co4 O9 /xCo composites (x = 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% vol.) have been prepared through a modified Pechini method, followed by one- and two-stage sintering, to produce low-density (one-stage, 1ST) and high-density (two-stage, 2ST) ceramic samples...

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emitters with ultralong lifetime are emerging as attractive concern due to the potential applications in bioimaging, security and other areas. But their development is limited by ambiguous mechanism and unregulated RTP property with molecular design. In this text, with the incorporation of different substituents to 9,9-dimethylxanthene core, RTP lifetime of resultant compounds can increase from 52 to 601 ms by the tunable intermolecular interactions and molecular configurations...

High-resolution, laboratory, absorption spectra of the <mml:math xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>←</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>∑</mml:mo> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> oxygen (O2 ) band measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy were fitted using the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes...