exosome, tumor

BACKGROUND: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolic agent used for treating slowly growing solid tumors like breast and ovarian carcinoma. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main biologically active constituent of Nigella sativa , it has been found to demonstrate anticancerous effects in several preclinical studies, and this is because TQ possesses multitarget nature. Stem cells-derived exosomes are in the spotlight of research and are promising tissue regenerative and anticancer cell-derived nanovesicles...

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other bioactive molecules, which play a crucial role in intercellular communication and material transfer. In tumor immunity, exosomes present various functions while the following two are of great importance: regulating the immune response and serving as delivery carriers. This review starts with the introduction of the formation, compositions, functions, isolation, characterization, and applications of exosomes, and subsequently discusses the current status of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, and the recent applications of exosome-based tumor immunity regulation and antitumor drug delivery...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer affecting people. The discovery of new, non-invasive, specific, and sensitive molecular biomarkers for CRC may assist in the diagnosis and support therapeutic decision making. Exosomal miRNAs have been demonstrated in carcinogenesis and CRC development, which makes these miRNAs strong biomarkers for CRC. Deep sequencing allows a robust high-throughput informatics investigation of the types and abundance of exosomal miRNAs. Thus, exosomal miRNAs can be efficiently examined as diagnostic biomarkers for disease screening...

Exosomal programmed death ligand-1 (ExoPD-L1) is a vital marker of immune activation in the early stages of tumor therapy and it can inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. However, due to the low expression of ExoPD-L1 in cancer cells, it is difficult to perform highly sensitive assays and accurately differentiate cancer sources. Therefore, we constructed a coaxial dual-path electrochemical biosensor for highly accurate identification and detection of ExoPD-L1 from lung cancer based on chemical-biological coaxial nanomaterials and nucleic acid molecular signal amplification strategies...

BACKGROUND: Exosomes derived from tumor cells contribute to the pathogenesis of cancers. Metformin, the most usually used drug for type 2 diabetes, has been frequently investigated for anticancer effects. Here, we examined whether metformin affects exosomes signaling in human ovary cancer cells in vitro. METHODS: Human ovary cancer cells, including A2780 and Skov3 cells, were treated with metformin for either 24-48 h. Cell viability and caspase-3 activity were determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and colorimetric assays respectively...

BACKGROUND: The interplay between exosomes and the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. We investigated the influence of exosomes on the TME in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing on their mRNA expression profile. METHODS: mRNA expression profiles of exosomes were obtained from exoRBase. RNA sequencing data from HCC patients' tumors were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). An exosome mRNA-related risk score model of prognostic value was established...

BACKGROUND: Therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) include targeting the androgen receptor (AR) with androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Having the ability to detect AR, AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7), or PSMA in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating exosomal cell-free RNA (cfRNA) could be helpful to guide selection of the appropriate therapy for each individual patient. The Vortex Biosciences VTX-1 system is a label-free CTC isolation system that enables the detection of the expression of multiple genes in both CTCs and exosomal cfRNA from the same blood sample in patients with mCRPC...

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can promote the crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment by exosomes. METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification has been proved to promote the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we focused on the impacts of CAFs-derived exosomes and METTL3-mediated m6A modification on NSCLC progression. Functional analyses were conducted using Cell Counting Kit-8, EdU, colony formation, sphere formation and transwell assays, respectively. Glutamine metabolism was evaluated by detecting glutamate consumption, and the production of intercellular glutamate and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)...

Osteoporosis has gradually become a major public health problem. Further elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce osteoporosis and identification of more effective therapeutic targets will have important clinical significance. Experiments in vitro on bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) subjected to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and in vivo on surgical bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) mouse models revealed that exosomes of vascular endothelial cells (EC-EXOs) can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibit BMSC adipogenic differentiation through miR-3p-975_4191...

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy exposure has become a main cause of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This study aimed to evaluate the role and molecular mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hUMSC-Exos) in ovarian function protection after chemotherapy. METHODS: hUMSC-Exos were applied to cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency mice and human ovarian granulosa tumor cells (KGN) to determine their effects on follicular development and granulosa cell apoptosis...

Simple and reliable profiling of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) holds significant promise for the early detection of cancer. Nonetheless, this remains challenging owing to the substantial heterogeneity and low concentration of TDEs. Herein, we devised an accurate and highly sensitive electrochemical sensing strategy for TDEs via simultaneously targeting exosomal mucin 1 (MUC1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). This approach employs high-affinity aptamers as specific recognition elements, utilizes rolling circle amplification and DNA nanospheres as effective bridges and signal amplifiers, and leverages methylene blue (MB) and doxorubicin (DOX) as robust signal reporters...

Lung cancer remains a significant global health concern with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stages. Small extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, secreted by cancer cells, play a pivotal role in mediating drug resistance in lung cancer. Exosomes have been found to facilitate intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules between cancer cells and their microenvironment. Additionally, exosomes can transport signaling molecules promoting cancer cell survival and proliferation conferring resistance to chemotherapy...

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, with high incidence and mortality rates. Ly6/PLAUR domain containing 3 (LYPD3) is a tumorigenic and highly glycosylated cell surface protein that has been rarely reported in LC. This study aimed to explore the prognostic role and immune cell infiltration of LYPD3 in LC. METHODS: We used ExoCarta, a database of exosomal proteins and RNA, to select exosomes in LC. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases were utilized to compare the expression of LYPD3 in LC...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized for their involvement in the regulation of gene expression and exhibit significant potential in both the prognostic assessment and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC, like other tumors, seldom occurs in isolation; instead, it evolves within a microenvironment featuring oncogenic and tumor-suppressive elements. When combined with suitable delivery vehicles, miRNA technology provides the capability to directly engage with these elements, thereby hindering tumor formation and progression...

In the intricate field of cancer biology, researchers are increasingly intrigued by the emerging role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) due to their multifaceted interactions, complex modulation mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications. These exosomal lncRNAs, carried within extracellular vesicles, play a vital partin tumorigenesis and disease progression by facilitating communication networks between tumor cells and their local microenvironment, making them an ideal candidates for use in a liquid biopsy approach...

Exosomes, small yet vital extracellular vesicles, play an integral role in intercellular communication. They transport critical components, such as proteins, lipid bilayers, DNA, RNA, and glycans, to target cells. These vesicles are crucial in modulating the extracellular matrix and orchestrating signal transduction processes. In oncology, exosomes are pivotal in tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal proteins, noted for their stability and specificity, have garnered widespread attention...

Key gene mutations are essential for colorectal cancer (CRC) development; however, how the mutated tumor cells impact the surrounding normal cells to promote tumor progression has not been well defined. Here, we report that PIK3CA mutant tumor cells transmit oncogenic signals and result in malignant transformation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via paracrine exosomal arachidonic acid (AA)-induced H3K4 trimethylation. Mechanistically, PIK3CA mutations sustain SGK3-FBW7-mediated stability of the cPLA2 protein, leading to the synthetic increase in AA, which is transported through exosome and accumulated in IECs...

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a formidable diagnostic challenge, especially in the context of small renal masses. The quest for non-invasive screening tools and biomarkers has steered research towards liquid biopsy, focusing on microRNAs (miRNAs), exosomes, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). MiRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, exhibit notable dysregulation in RCC, offering promising avenues for diagnosis and prognosis. Studies underscore their potential across various biofluids, including plasma, serum, and urine, for RCC detection and subtype characterization...

The advancement of exosome studies has positioned engineered exosomes as crucial biomaterials for the development of advanced drug delivery systems. This study focuses on developing a hybrid exosome system by fusing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exosomes with folate-targeted liposomes. The aim was to improve the drug loading capacity and target modification of exosome nanocarriers for delivering the first-line chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (PTX) and its effectiveness was assessed through cellular uptake studies to evaluate its ability to deliver drugs to tumor cells in vitro...

Stem cell-derived exosomes (SC-Exos) are used as a source of regenerative medicine, but certain limitations hinder their uses. The effect of hydrolyzed collagen oligopeptides (HCOPs), a functional ingredient of SC-Exos is not widely known to the general public. We herein evaluated the combined anti-aging effects of HCOPs and exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HucMSC-Exos) using a senescence model established on human skin fibroblasts (HSFs). This study discovered that cells treated with HucMSC-Exos + HCOPs enhanced their proliferative and migratory capabilities; reduced both reactive oxygen species production and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity; augmented type I and type III collagen expression; attenuated the expression of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); and decreased the expression of p16, p21, and p53 as compared with the cells treated with HucMSC-Exos or HCOPs alone...