Consenses

Dosing patterns with second-generation antipsychotic medications (SGAs) are dynamic, with some SGAs surpassing current recommendations while others are declining in dose since their initial regulatory guidelines. Pertinent recent studies and available pharmacoepidemiologic reports, information, and expert consenses are reviewed herein to illuminate current thinking on the topic of dosing with SGAs. There is a need for fixed-dose studies of each SGA. Additionally, dosing should be a primary consideration when designing and subsequently interpreting comparative studies between SGAs...

In the present review, guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of anaphylactic reactions are presented and evaluated. Herefore, publications of German and non-German societies and expert groups have been selected and, in addition to that, we have chosen a number of articles that were cited frequently and, as far as we are concerned, have a relevant meaning for this theme. None of the traditionally applied remedies - epinephrine and intravascular volume, histamine receptor blockade, inhaled betamimetics and steroids - have been proven efficacious by means of evidence-based medicine...

Dieulafoy lesion is an unsual source of upper astrointestinal bleeding with a frequency ranging from 0.3 to 6.7% of the reported literature, although at present it is more frequently diagnosed. It usually begins abruptly with massive bleeding and hemodynamic involvement. The higher prevalence is found in older people and because this group of patients is generally affected by other diseases, Dieulafoy lesion may be life threatening. A thick arterial blood vessel flows through the mucosa and submucosa and in more than 75% of cases the lesion is mostly found within 6 cm of the cardia...

Mammographic screening has led to increased detection of intraductal carcinoma of the breast (IdC). IdC is y heterogeneous disorder with different clinical outcomes. The study was designed to confirm consensibility of the three-tiered classification, accepted by Thomas Jefferson University Consensus Conference since 1997. The study population comprised 30 patients with IdC including patients with T1 mic and T1a. Sixty percent of IdC were classified as II-nd grade, 27% were III-rd grade and 13% as I-st grade...

Acute infections in the head and neck belong to the most frequent human diseases and account for a high percentage of prescriptions for oral antibiotics. Because most infections only need symptomatic treatment and with the doubtful benefit of antibiotic treatment in some studies there is consense that routinely prescribed antibiotics for infections of the upper airway should be abandoned. Uncritical use of antibiotics is a likely cause for an increasing rate of drug resistant bacteria and many antibiotics have side effects...

Acetowhitening of the vulva has been related to a subclinical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. No consense has been reached about undertaking -or not- any therapy for these acetowhite changes. We have observed from our clinical experience and in a 10 years observational follow-up, that acetowhitening of the vulva regarding high risk (16-18) and low risk (6-11) HPV groups (as assessed by PCR analysis) significantly decreased; and acetowhitening areas negative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), significantly increased from 53% (202/382) to 85% (276/325) (P<0...

This paper offers a theory to explain the diffusion of new medical technologies into local practice. Based on several hundred interviews with community hospital physicians, it anchors technology decisions in the norms and relationships of local practice. Physician descriptions of their use of different types of assessment information provide insight into the way in which local consenses on appropriate practice are formed, guide behavior, and change. To understand new technology adoption, it is necessary to (a) differentiate "formed" (complete) and "dynamic" (still developing) technologies, and (b) appreciate the extent to which medical practice is locally organized...

Some researches have stressed the importance of expression HLA-DR on the superficial epithelium and on the lamina propria of the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. In this research the histological characteristics of the expression HLA-DR on the resident mucosa of both these illness were quantified and analysed. Twelve Crohn disease, 19 ulcerative colitis and 10 specimen of the rectal mucosa, representing the control group according to the following model were studied: I period = pre-treatment, II period = up two years of evolution and III period = more than two years of treatment...

Angiotensin II (Ang II) interaction with the neuronal AT1 receptor results in a chronic stimulation of neuromodulation that involves the expression of norepinephrine transporter (NET) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In view of this unique property and the presence of putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) consensus sequence in the AT1 receptor, this study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that Ang II would induce nuclear sequestration of this G protein-coupled receptor and that the sequestration may have implications on Ang II-induced expression of NET and TH genes...

HPA 39 is a tungsto-antimoniate compound, closely related to the mineral consensed ion HPA 23, from which it differs only by the presence of a potassium instead of a sodium ion inside the central cage. A single parenteral injection of HPA 39 on the same day as virus inoculation decreased the splenomegaly induced by Friend virus in DBA/2 mice and protected 90% of the infected animals against leukaemia. It also lowered the virus content in spleen extracts compared to untreated animals. The efficiency of treatment with HPA 39 on leukaemic mice at a late stage of the disease suggested that the compound may act at the cellular level as well as by inducing virus growth inhibition...

A number of acidic dyes, including various fluorochromes, were substituted for biebrich scarlet in the modified Guard (1959) procedure, a regressive staining method which appears to demonstrate basic chromosomal proteins. These substitutions were made to test the possibility that dyes other than biebrich scarlet might provide advantages in sensitivity and/or contrast, or that more control could be exerted over the "differentiation" step in which solutions of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids (polyacids) are used...

1. Diethyl ether, which is known to be partly metabolized in vivo, has been found to show an O2 uptake with the rat liver microsomal membranes; a similar reaction is given with other short chain aliphatic ethers, isoproply and n-butyl ether. 2. The "etherase" reaction is optimal at pH 7.2-7.4 and is not accompanied by an increased formation of malondialdehyde. 3. When CoA is added to the microsomes together with a source of oxaloacetate and the consensing enzyme synthase, the etherase present forms citrate from diethyl ether, indicating an acetylation of CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle...