Neurologic Manifestation HIV AIDS

Four cases of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) with calcified cerebral toxoplasmosis associated with perilesional edema causing a single episode of neurological manifestations have recently been reported. Here, we describe the first detailed description of perilesional edema associated with calcified cerebral toxoplasmosis causing three episodes of neurological manifestations in a PLWHA, including seizures in two of them. These recurrences occurred over approximately a decade. Throughout this period, the patient showed immunological and virological control of the HIV infection, while using antiretroviral therapy regularly...

HIV infected individuals receiving regular antiretroviral therapy (ART) can present with a high viral load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at time when it is suppressed in blood. This study presents data of HIV infected patients who had undetectable or low plasma viral load in blood but presented with neurological signs and symptoms and were diagnosed to have CSF HIV viral escape. Records were reviewed for clinical manifestations, details of opportunistic or coinfection, HIV viral copies in plasma and CSF at time of diagnosis of CSF escape...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Research has shown myriad neurologic and mental health manifestations during the acute and subsequent stages of COVID-19 in people with HIV (PWH). This review summarizes the updates on central nervous system (CNS) outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in PWH and highlight the existing knowledge gaps in this area. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies leveraging electronic record systems have highlighted the excess risk of developing acute and lingering neurological complications of COVID-19 in PWH compared to people without HIV (PWoH)...

BACKGROUND:  Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) - immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has been rarely described in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE:  To describe the prevalence of PML-IRIS among PLWHA with PML and its main features in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. METHODS:  We performed a retrospective cohort study. We included PLWHA with PML-IRIS patients admitted at Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas , São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2021...

INTRODUCTION: AIDS patients are more susceptible to opportunistic diseases, such as toxoplasma encephalitis, because of weakened immune systems. Toxoplasma encephalitis manifests as a severe neurological crisis in HIV patients. The standard initial treatments are sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. This case presents an HIV patient treated with an alternative regimen for toxoplasma encephalitis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A young Acehnese man, 32 years old, arrived at the emergency unit after complaining of a general seizure 2 hours before arrival...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes various diseases in different age groups. Neurological manifestations of HIV are common and add to morbidity and mortality. It was previously thought that the central nervous system (CNS) was involved only in the advanced stages of the disease. However, recent evidence supports pathological involvement of the CNS from initial viral entry. Some of the CNS manifestations in children share similarities to neurologic disorders of HIV-infected adult patients, while others are unique to the pediatric population...

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve disease may lead to physical disability because of decreased muscle strength and/or loss of sensitivity in the dermatomes of affected peripheral nerves. Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and leprosy-affected patients can develop neurological damage; therefore, the coinfection of these diseases presents new challenges to the health care of these patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the motor alterations of patients coinfected with HIV and leprosy and their relationship with clinical and anthropometric characteristics, compared with individuals with isolated diseases...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a fatal respiratory illness. The associated risk factors for COVID-19 are old age and medical comorbidities. In the current combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, a significant portion of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) with controlled viremia is older and with comorbidities, making these people vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated severe outcomes...

INTRODUCTION: Encephalitis presents with high morbidity and mortality in both HIV-infected and HIV-negative patients. There are currently no studies comparing HIV-infected and HIV-negative patients admitted to the hospital with acute encephalitis. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of adults admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of encephalitis in Houston, Texas between 2005 and 2020. We describe the clinical manifestations, etiology, and outcomes of these patients with a focus on those infected with HIV...

OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to investigate the recent frequency of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA escape and other CSF viral nucleic acid detection in people with HIV with neurological symptoms and to assess associated clinical factors. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of people with HIV who underwent CSF examination for clinical indications between 2017 and 2022. Individuals were identified from pathology records, and clinical data were recorded...

The JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a virus of global distribution and is usually kept under control by the immune system. In patients with AIDS, a latent JCPyV infection can reactivate and develop into progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Around half of the patients with PML die within 2 years since the diagnosis, yet in rare cases, the disease advances significantly quicker and seems to be insusceptible to any medical actions. In our clinic, we observed two cases of such course in HIV-positive patients in the AIDS stage...

Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. Although its incidence has declined after the widespread availability of penicillin, it has recently re-emerged, especially in men who have sex with men and in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The neurological manifestations of syphilis, generally known as neurosyphilis, may appear at any time during the infection, including the initial years after the primary infection. Neurosyphilis can be asymptomatic, only with cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, or symptomatic, characterized by several different clinical syndromes, such as meningitis, gumma, meningovascular, brain parenchyma involvement, meningomyelitis, tabes dorsalis, and peripheral nervous system involvement...

C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a cytosolic tyrosine-protein kinase with an important role in regulating critical cellular decisions, such as cellular apoptosis, survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization and many others. Current knowledge on the CSK mechanisms of action, regulation and functions is still at an early stage, most of CSK's known actions and functions being mediated by the negative regulation of the SRC family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) through phosphorylation. As SFKs play a vital role in apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival regulation, SFK inhibition by CSK has a pro-apoptotic effect, which is mediated by the inhibition of cellular signaling cascades controlled by SFKs, such as the MAPK/ERK, STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways...

UNLABELLED: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in people living with HIV, but multisystem CMV end-organ disease (EOD) is rare following the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy. We present the case of a patient with advanced HIV and multisystem manifestations of CMV EOD. CONTRIBUTIONS: This case report highlights the potential morbidity and mortality associated with CMV disease in patients with advanced HIV. Clinicians should be vigilant in considering CMV EOD in patients with advanced HIV and visual, neurological and gastointestinal symptoms...

BACKGROUND: Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) tend to suffer from several central nervous system (CNS) infections due to hypoimmunity. However, CNS aspergillosis (CNSAG) is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose. Thus, it is easily misdiagnosed. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported a 47-year-old male AIDS patient with ghosting vision and anhidrosis on the left head and face. He was accordingly diagnosed with Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis (TE) at other hospitals, for which he received regular anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) treatment...

BACKGROUND: AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis has declined in the combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) era in high-income countries. However, there is scarce information on CMV encephalitis in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of AIDS-related CMV encephalitis and describe its main features. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study carried out at a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil...

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a human disease in which there is a systematic failure of the immune system, thereby leading to severe opportunistic infections. HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps in preventing the virus from replicating in the body. ART also enables the immune system to repair itself and restrict further injury. Nevertheless, the long-term use of ART leads to multiple neurological complications (e...

Background and Objectives : Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are estimated to occur in approximately 10-20% of people living with HIV (PLWH). They are more commonly observed in newly diagnosed patients and in previously untreated patients or those refusing to undergo antiretroviral treatment. CNS diseases can also be the first manifestation of HIV/AIDS infection. The most common HIV-related central nervous system diseases (CNS-D) are CNS toxoplasmosis, CNS cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and HIV-associated encephalopathy treated as a neurocognitive disorder...

BACKGROUND: Leukopenia, a rare adverse effect of Fingolimod therapy, paves the way for opportunistic infections. In this study, we reported a rare fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old woman with RRMS was referred to the emergency department. The patient's major complaints were headache, fever, weakness, and progressive loss of consciousness within the last two days prior to the referral. The patient had history of hospitalization due to RRMS [two times]...

Antiretroviral treatment has significantly increased the survival of patients infected with HIV-1. However, with increased survival, cognitive changes associated with HIV are frequently observed in this population. The clinical manifestations of HIV changes can vary as a result of several aspects, including the virus transmission route. Several studies have pointed out premature neurological changes in vertically infected patients, while the manifestation of cognitive damage in adults may take a longer time...