Carcinoid

BACKGROUND: Robotic assisted thoracoscopic surgery facilitates complex pulmonary segmentectomy which offers one-stage diagnostic and therapeutic management of small pulmonary nodules. We aimed to explore the potential advantages of a faster, simplified pathway and earlier diagnosis against the disadvantages of unnecessary morbidity in benign cases. METHODS: In an observational study, patients with small, solitary pulmonary nodules deemed suspicious of malignancy by a multidisciplinary team were offered surgery without a pre or intra operative biopsy...

BACKGROUND: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare tumors, often diagnosed in an advanced stage when curative treatment is impossible and grueling symptoms related to vasoactive substance release by tumor cells affect patients' quality of life. Cardiovascular complications of GEP-NENs, primarily tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease, and right-sided heart failure, are the leading cause of death, even compared to metastatic disease. CASE SUMMARY: We present a case of a 35-year-old patient with progressive dyspnea, back pain, polyneuropathic leg pain, and nocturnal diarrhea lasting for a decade before the diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary with extensive liver metastases...

INTRODUCTION: Multiple primary malignancies (MPM) may be in one organ or in multiple separate organs. They are categorized into synchronous and metachronous according to the time interval between the two malignancies. Multiple risk factors could be attributed to the development of second primary malignancy. CASE PRESENTATION: The authors report a case of a 51-year-old male patient with renal cell carcinoma. During his evaluation, he seemed to have a lung mass which revealed to be a carcinoid tumour...

A 78-year-old woman presented with multiple pulmonary nodules, mixed with solid and ground-glass nodules. We pathologically confirmed that the multiple pulmonary nodules were a combination of diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) and multiple pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules (MPMNs). This is the first case report of concurrent DIPNECH and MPMNs.

INTRODUCTION: Carcinoid heart disease (CHD), a complication of carcinoid syndrome (CS), is a rare condition that can lead to right sided valvular heart disease and has been traditionally associated with a poor prognosis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the accuracy of biomarkers and echocardiography in diagnosing CHD amongst patients who are already known to have neuroendocrine tumours and to assess whether surgical management of CHD leads to a reduction in mortality...

Primary ovarian carcinoid tumors (POCT) are well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms and account for <0.1% of ovarian tumors. POCT usually arise in the context of mature cystic teratoma; however, pure primary ovarian carcinoids without teratomatous or mucinous elements are very rare. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman that underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy because of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. The ovaries were macroscopically normal. Pathology report revealed a primary ovarian carcinoid with mixed trabecular and insular growth patterns...

Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as other areas throughout the body. The neurosecretory nature of these tumors can have implications for other chronic diseases that patients may have, such as diabetes. Certain treatments that may be implemented for patients who have carcinoid tumors, such as somatostatin analogs and Everolimus, can also alter blood glucose control. This highlights the importance of diagnosing and treating carcinoid tumors as early as possible to avoid complications associated with metastasis and more intense treatment...

Cryptorchidism (CO) or undescended testes is defined as the failure of one or both testes to be positioned inside the scrotum. Typically, cryptorchidism is detected at birth or shortly thereafter, and in humans, it is considered to be part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a complex pathology regarding the male reproductive system that apparently involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental harmful factors, mainly during embryonic development. Serotonin (5-HT) is an ancient molecule that participates in a broad range of body functions, and in recent years, its importance in reproduction has started to be elucidated...

Lung neuroendocrine tumors (LNETs) and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are two distinct types of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that have traditionally been treated as a single entity despite originating from different sources. Although they share certain phenotypic characteristics and the expression of neuroendocrine markers, they exhibit differences in their microenvironment, molecular mutations, and responses to various therapeutic regimens. Recent research has explored the genetic alterations in these tumors, revealing dissimilarities in the frequently mutated genes, the role of EGFR in carcinogenesis, the presence of transcription factors, and the immunogenicity of the tumor and its microenvironment...

Background: Indications for combined colon surgery together with other procedures include oncologic multivisceral resections and abdominal trauma. It is unclear if combining minimally invasive (MI) colon surgery with unrelated other procedures increases the risk for complications. Patients and Methods: The surgical database from two institutions during a 10-year period was queried for combined colon surgeries together with other interventions. All open cases, combined cases performed for one pathology and MI colectomies together with a minor procedure, were excluded...

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic carcinoid tumor (PCT) is described as a malignant form of carcinoid tumors. However, the epidemiology and prognostic factors for PCT are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of 2447 PCT patients were included in this study from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and randomly divided into a training cohort (1959) and a validation cohort (488). The epidemiology of PCT was calculated, and independent prognostic factors were identified to construct a prognostic nomogram for predicting long-term disease-specific survival (DSS) among PCT patients...

Somatostatin analogs (SSA), specifically octreotide and lanreotide, have demonstrated antiproliferative effects in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET), a group of rare malignancies of diverse origin and presentation. A prominent feature of NET cells is the expression of G protein-coupled receptors called somatostatin receptors (SSTR). Although these SSTR are not uniformly present in NET, they can be instrumental in the diagnosis and treatment of NET. Apart from their application in nuclear imaging and radionuclide therapy, SSA have proven invaluable in the treatment of hormonal syndromes associated with certain NET (antisecretory effects of SSA), but it took more than two decades to convincingly demonstrate the antiproliferative effects of SSA in metastatic NET with the two pivotal studies PROMID and CLARINET...

• Severe progressive PR and TR in adults without histories of cardiac surgery is rare. • Carcinoid heart disease is an important differential in isolated PR and TR. • Three-dimensional TTE is helpful in identifying morphologic abnormalities of the PV. • CCT and cardiovascular magnetic resonance also help evaluate structures near the PV.

Lung carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine cancers that primarily affect younger individuals and exhibit unique epidemiological characteristics unrelated to smoking or environmental factors. Symptoms may include coughing and wheezing. Bronchoscopic biopsy is the standard for diagnosis, with surgical resection as the gold standard treatment. Recent advances, such as laser resection, offer alternative options. We present a case of a 46-year-old female with bronchial carcinoid successfully treated using bronchoscopic diode laser therapy, highlighting its minimally invasive benefits...

BACKGROUND: Lung NET, classified in typical carcinoids (TC) and atypical carcinoids (AC), are highly heterogeneous in their biology and prognosis. The histological subtype and TNM stage are well-established prognostic factors for lung NET. In a previous work by our group, we demonstrated a significant impact of laterality on lung NET survival outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a nomogram that integrates relevant prognostic factors to predict lung NET outcomes...

Incidental appendectomies (IAs) are often performed in laparotomies to prevent future complications caused by the buildup of scar tissue. Although neoplastic findings are rare, all appendectomy specimens should be sent for histopathological analysis. We present the case of a 38-year-old man found to have an appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) after receiving an IA secondary to a traumatic rectal perforation requiring exploratory laparotomy. Well-differentiated NETs isolated to the appendix have an excellent prognosis...

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) and pulmonary carcinoid (PC) are difficult to distinguish based on conventional imaging examinations. In recent years, radiomics has been used to discriminate benign from malignant pulmonary lesions. However, the value of radiomics based on computed tomography (CT) images to differentiate PSP from PC has not been well explored. PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the feasibility of radiomics in the differentiation between PSP and PC...

Pleural effusion in the pediatric population is an abnormal pathology characterized by the accumulation of fluids between the parietal and visceral pleura. The etiology of this excessive fluid accumulation can be attributed to both infectious and non-infectious factors. Notably, Streptococcus pneumoniae stands out as the predominant infectious agent responsible for this condition. Non-infectious causative factors encompass hematolymphoid malignancies, congestive heart failure, hemothorax, hypoalbuminemia, and iatrogenic causes...

BACKGROUND: Accurately predicting survival in patients with cancer is crucial for both clinical decision-making and patient counseling. The primary aim of this study was to generate the first machine-learning algorithm to predict the risk of mortality following the diagnosis of an appendiceal neoplasm. METHODS: Patients with primary appendiceal cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2000 to 2019 were included. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and survival data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database...

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors arising from the transformation of neuroendocrine cells in several organs, most notably the gastro-entero-pancreatic system and respiratory tract. The classification was recently revised in the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors. NENs can rarely spread to the central or peripheral nervous systems. Neurologic involvement is determined by the rare development of paraneoplastic syndromes, which are remote effects of cancer...