Cell cycle review

We explore the possibility that defects in genes associated with the response and repair of DNA double strand breaks predispose oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to undergo malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Defects in the homologous recombination/Fanconi anemia (HR/FA), but not in the non-homologous end joining, causes the DNA repair pathway to appear to be consistent with features of familial conditions that are predisposed to OSCC (FA, Bloom's syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia); this is true for OSCC that occurs in young patients, sometimes with little/no exposure to classical risk factors...

Cancers remain the second leading cause of mortality in the world. Preclinical and clinical studies point an important role of cancer/leukaemia stem cells (CSCs/LSCs) in the colonisation at secondary organ sites upon metastatic spreading, although the precise mechanisms for specific actions are still not fully understood. Reviewing the present knowledge on the crucial role of CSCs/LSCs, their plasticity, and population heterogeneity in treatment failures in cancer patients is timely. Standard chemotherapy, which acts mainly on rapidly dividing cells, is unable to adequately affect CSCs with a low proliferation rate...

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disorder. However, the presence of latent reservoirs, the multifaceted nature of HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict the efficacy of current cART targeting the distinct stages of the virus life cycle...

Session 7 of the 2023 Viral Clearance Symposium reviewed progresses in virus retentive filtrations applied to both upstream and downstream processing. Upstream topics included investigations and applications of media viral filtration for upstream cell culture viral risk mitigation. Downstream topics included evaluation of viral breakthrough in continuous processing using surrogate particles and demonstration of extensive viral filtration cycling with flow interruptions and long duration in connected process...

CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6), a seven-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a pivotal regulatory role in inflammation and tissue damage through its interaction with CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16). This axis is implicated in the pathogenesis of various fibrotic diseases and correlates with clinical parameters that indicate disease severity, activity, and prognosis in organ fibrosis, including afflictions of the liver, kidney, lung, cardiovascular system, skin, and intestines. Soluble CXCL16 (sCXCL16) serves as a chemokine, facilitating the migration and recruitment of CXCR6-expressing cells, while membrane-bound CXCL16 (mCXCL16) functions as a transmembrane protein with adhesion properties, facilitating intercellular interactions by binding to CXCR6...

Land plants produce glucose (C6H12O6) through photosynthesis by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and light energy. Glucose can be stored in various polysaccharide forms for later use (e.g., sucrose in fruit, amylose in plastids), used to create cellulose, the primary structural component of cell walls, and immediately metabolized to generate cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate, through a series of respiratory pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation...

CDK8 is an important member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family associated with transcription and acts as a key "molecular switch" in the Mediator complex. CDK8 regulates gene expression by phosphorylating transcription factors and can control the transcription process through Mediator complex. Previous studies confirmed that CDK8 is an important oncogenic factor, making it a potential tumor biomarker and a promising target for tumor therapy. However, CDK8 has also been confirmed to be a tumor suppressor, indicating that it not only promotes the development of tumors but may also be involved in tumor suppression...

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) serves as a pivotal regulator in orchestrating cellular cycle dynamics and gene transcriptional activity. Elevated expression levels of CDK7 have been ubiquitously documented across a spectrum of malignancies and have been concomitantly correlated with adverse clinical outcomes. This review delineates the biological roles of CDK7 and explicates the molecular pathways through which CDK7 exacerbates the oncogenic progression of breast cancer. Furthermore, we synthesize the extant literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancement of CDK7-specific small-molecule inhibitors, encapsulating both preclinical and clinical findings in breast cancer contexts...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, resulting in a major health burden. Thus, an urgent need exists for exploring effective therapeutic targets to block progression of CVDs and improve patient prognoses. Immune and inflammatory responses are involved in the development of atherosclerosis, ischemic myocardial damage responses and repair, calcification, and stenosis of the aortic valve. These responses can involve both large and small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to increased blood pressure and end-organ damage...

RIO (right open reading frame) family of kinases including RIOK1, RIOK2 and RIOK3 are known for their role in the ribosomal biogenesis. Dysfunction of RIO kinases have been implicated in malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, glioma, breast, colorectal, lung and prostatic adenocarcinoma suggesting RIO kinases as potential targets in cancer. In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have demonstrated that RIO kinases are overexpressed in various types of cancers suggesting important roles in tumorigenesis, especially in metastasis...

Varicocele (VC) is considered as one of the primary causes of male infertility, and the pathogenesis and treatment measures for VC-associated male infertility (VMI) are being explored continuously. The construction of an appropriate in vitro model for VMI is of significant importance for the study of this disease. And the model of testis cell hypoxia, with its relatively stable experimental conditions, short cycle, good repeatability and few influencing factors, has been primarily applied in cellular experimental researches on VMI...

Almost every facet of our behavior and physiology varies predictably over the course of day and night, anticipating and adapting us to their associated opportunities and challenges. These rhythms are driven by endogenous biological clocks that, when deprived of environmental cues, can continue to oscillate within a period of approximately 1 day, hence circa - dian . Normally, retinal signals synchronize them to the cycle of light and darkness, but disruption of circadian organization, a common feature of modern lifestyles, carries considerable costs to health...

There has been considerable discussion regarding the environmental life cycle of Legionella pneumophila and its virulence potential in natural and man-made water systems. On the other hand, the bacterium's morphogenetic mechanisms within host cells (amoeba and macrophages) have been well documented and are linked to its ability to transition from a non-virulent, replicative state to an infectious, transmissive state. Although the morphogenetic mechanisms associated with the formation and detachment of the L...

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to provide an updated and comprehensive systematic review on the effects of resveratrol (RSV) in male infertility and sperm preservation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This systematic review followed the MOOSE guidelines for Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Only original articles evaluating the effect of RSV on human spermatozoa in vivo or in vitro were included...

This review provides a thorough and comprehensive perspective on the topic of cucumber sexual expression. Specifically, insights into sex expression mediated by pathways other than ethylene are highlighted. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a common and important commercial crop that is cultivated and consumed worldwide. Additionally, this species is commonly used as a model for investigating plant sex expression. Cucumbers exhibit a variety of floral arrangements, comprising male, female, and hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers...

Enteroviruses (EVs) are the main cause of a number of neurological diseases. Growing evidence has revealed that successful infection with enteroviruses is highly dependent on the host machinery, therefore, host proteins play a pivotal role in viral infections. Both host and viral proteins can undergo post-translational modification (PTM) which can regulate protein activity, stability, solubility and interactions with other proteins; thereby influencing various biological processes, including cell metabolism, metabolic, signaling pathways, cell death, and cancer development...

The cell cycle comprises sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genome and divides it into two daughter cells. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that the daughter cell receives identical copied chromosomal DNA and that any errors in the DNA during replication are correctly repaired. Cyclins and their enzyme partners, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are critical regulators of G- to M-phase transitions during the cell cycle. Mitogenic signals induce the formation of the cyclin/CDK complexes, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the CDKs...

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent lymphoma that becomes aggressive due to histological transformation (HT), leading to reduced survival. Patients with FL have different clinical courses and various treatment options. Some patients exhibit shorter survival and experience disease progression within 24 months of diagnosis/treatment (POD24); the optimal treatment remains an unmet needs. Thus, identifying factors that predict shorter survival is essential to stratify treatment and prolong the survival of patients with FL...

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy represent key tumour treatment strategies. Notably, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), have shown clinical efficacy in clinical tumour immunotherapy. However, the limited effectiveness of ICIs is evident due to many cancers exhibiting poor responses to this treatment. An emerging avenue involves triggering non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD), a significant mechanism driving cancer cell death in diverse cancer treatments...

Background : Traumatic injuries in eyes previously treated with Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) can lead to ruptures in the Descemet Membrane (DM) and damage to the corneal endothelium, a crucial layer for maintaining corneal clarity. Due to cell cycle constraints, the human corneal endothelium cannot proliferate; instead, it compensates for injury through cell enlargement and migration from adjacent areas. Methods : This study examines a notable case of corneal endothelial cell migration following a penetrating eye injury in a patient previously treated with DALK for keratoconus, supplemented by a review of relevant literature to contextualize the regenerative response...