Phylogenic tree

Amorphophallus muelleri is an Araceae plant with perennial tuber, widely used in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry due to its richness in glucomannan. In April 2022, an outbreak of a target spot on A. muelleri plantlets was observed in a nursery in Ruili, Yunnan, China. The leafstalks of the diseased plantlets in the nursery turned brown and decayed (Fig.1 A-B), then gradually some water-soaked spots on the true leaves developed along the veins (Fig.1 A). Subquencely, the spots on the true leaves turned dark green to white-grayish in the center, which formed light to dark brown concentric rings with a target-like appearance surrounded by a yellow halo (Fig...

The process of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes starts when gametes from two different sexes encounter each other. Paramecium , a unicellular eukaryote, undergoes conjugation and uses a gametic nucleus to enter the sexual reproductive process. The molecules responsible for recognizing mating partners, hypothetically called mating-type substances, are still unclear. We have identified an O3 -type mating substance polypeptide and its gene sequence using protein chemistry, molecular genetics, immunofluorescence, RNA interference, and microinjection...

Persian walnut (Juglans regia) and Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) belong to Juglandaceae, which are vulnerable, temperate deciduous perennial trees with high economical, ecological, and industrial values. 4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) plays an essential function in plant development, growth, and stress. Walnut production is challenged by diverse stresses, such as salinity, drought, and diseases. However, the characteristics and expression levels of 4CL gene family in Juglans species resistance and under salt stress are unknown...

Oesophagostomum spp. (Family: Chabertiidae) is keeping a low profile in terms of severity in Bangladesh while maintaining economic loss through disguise within sheep and goats. The study was performed to identify prevalence, confirmation of species through morphology and morphometry followed by phylogeny using ITS2 and COX1 genes. In total 384 slaughterhouse-sourced small and large intestines were pooled from Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrokona, Sherpur and Tangail districts of Mymensingh division. Followed by isolation, O...

The molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of metachronous tumors in the remnant bile duct following surgical resection of primary biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs) are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate these mechanisms by evaluating the clinicopathologic features of BTCs, the alterations to 31 BTC-related genes on targeted sequencing, and the aberrant expression of p53, p16, SMAD4, ARID1A and β-catenin on immunohistochemistry. Twelve consecutive patients who underwent resection of metachronous BTCs following primary BTC resection with negative bile duct margins were enrolled...

Litter decomposition is an important process in ecosystem and despite recent research elucidating the significant influence of plant phylogeny on plant-associated microbial communities, it remains uncertain whether a parallel correlation exists between plant phylogeny and the community of decomposers residing in forest litter. In this study, we conducted a controlled litterbag experiment using leaf litter from ten distinct tree species in a central subtropical forest ecosystem in a region characterized by subtropical humid monsoon climate in China...

INTRODUCTION: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is named after the discovery that endogenous cannabinoids bind to the same receptors as the phytochemical compounds found in Cannabis. While endogenous cannabinoids include anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), exogenous phytocannabinoids include Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These compounds finely tune neurotransmission following synapse activation, via retrograde signaling that activates cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and/or transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)...

INTRODUCTION: Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic nontuberculous mycobacteria pathogen; however, the prevalence of nosocomial and community infections is increasing. In January 2016, several bedridden inpatients in the intensive care unit of a hospital had positive sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli, suggesting a mycobacteria outbreak. METHODOLOGY: Acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy, isolation, and culturing were performed twice using sputa from each suspected intensive care unit inpatient (n = 13); in addition, medical history was obtained for each inpatient with suspected infection...

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food, animal, environment, and human surveillance systems. Our study aimed to characterize AMR in E. coli isolated from retail meat purchased from grocery stores in North Carolina, USA as part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retail chicken (breast, n = 96; giblets, n = 24), turkey (n = 96), and pork (n = 96) products were purchased monthly from different counties in North Carolina during 2022...

BACKGROUND: Data on the disease burden and circulation patterns of influenza B virus lineages for Iran are limited. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to describe the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Iran, comparing it with the proposed vaccine strains and determining the match and mismatch with the prescribed vaccine annually. METHODS: Various sources were used to retrieve information of the data; such as information from an online search of databases such as FluNet, GISAID, and NCBI...

Dysomma anguillare is a demersal eel widespread distributing in tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific and Atlantic. As an important component of the coastal fishery and marine ecosystem, the lack of genomic information for this species severely restricts the progress of relevant researches. In this study, the abecedarian genome-wide characteristics and phylogenetic relationships analyses were carried out based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. The revised genome size was approximately 1 310 Mb, with the largest scaffold length reaching 23 878 bp through K-mer (K = 17) method...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are healthcare problems that commonly involve bacterial and, in some rare instances, fungal or viral infections. The irrational prescription and use of antibiotics in UTI treatment have led to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Urine samples (145) were collected from male and female patients from Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Biochemical analyses were carried out to identify uropathogens. Molecular analysis for the identification of 16S ribosomal RNA in samples was performed via Sanger sequencing...

BACKGROUND: Salmonella spp. and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are among the major foodborne zoonotic pathogens. These bacterial pathogens cause human illnesses characterized by hemorrhagic colitis, vomiting, nausea, and other agent-related symptoms. The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens is also a serious public health concern globally. Regular surveillance of phenotypes and genotypes of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from animal-derived foods is necessary for effective reduction and control of these foodborne pathogens...

Lasiodiplodia is a widely distributed genus that is associated with a variety of diseases on many plant species, especially fruit trees. The current study conducted a disease survey of fruit trees growing in 12 orchards located within the Henan and Shandong provinces of China between 2020 and 2022. The symptoms observed included stem canker, branch dieback, and gummosis. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), tub2, tef1, and rpb2 sequence data combined with morphological characteristics, revealed that the 19 isolates collected during the survey belonged to five documented Lasiodiplodia species, including Lasiodiplodia citricola, L...

Under agroforestry practices, inter-specific facilitation between tree rows and cultivated alleys occurs when plants increase the growth of their neighbors especially under nutrient limitation. Owing to a coarse root architecture limiting soil inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, walnut trees ( Juglans spp.) exhibit dependency on soil-borne symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that extend extra-radical hyphae beyond the root Pi depletion zone. To investigate the benefits of mycorrhizal walnuts in alley cropping, we experimentally simulated an agroforestry system in which walnut rootstocks RX1 ( J...

Hordeum L. is widely distributed in mountain or plateau of subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. Three wild perennial Hordeum species, including H. bogdanii , H. brevisubulatum , and H. violaceum , have been used as forage and for grassland ecological restoration in high-altitude areas in recent years. To date, the degree of interspecies sequence variation in the three Hordeum species within existing gene pools is still not well-defined. Herein, we sequenced and assembled chloroplast (cp) genomes of the three species...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has different antibiotic resistance pathways, such as broad-spectrum lactamases and metallo-β-lactamases (MBL), penicillin-binding protein (PBP) alteration, and active efflux pumps. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing methods were applied for double-locus sequence typing (DLST) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) typing. We deduced the evolutionary pathways for DLST and NDM genes of P. aeruginosa using phylogenetic network. Among the analyzed isolates, 62.50% of the P...

Due to its ample production of lignocellulosic biomass, Sida hermaphrodita (Sida), a perennial forb, is considered a valuable raw material for biorefinery processes. The recalcitrant nature of Sida lignocellulosic biomass towards pretreatment and fractionation processes has previously been studied. However, Sida is a non-domesticated species and here we aimed at expanding the potential of such plants in terms of their processability for downstream processes by making use of the natural variety of Sida. To achieve this goal, we established a collection comprising 16 different Sida accessions obtained from North America and Europe...

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp. are globally distributed parasites that infect epithelial cells in the microvillus border of the gastrointestinal tract of all classes of vertebrates. Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I is a common parasite in North American tree squirrels. It was introduced into Europe with eastern gray squirrels and poses an infection risk to native European squirrel species, for which infection is fatal. In this study, the biology and genetic variability of different isolates of chipmunk genotype I were investigated...

Insect glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) serve critical roles in insecticides and other forms of xenobiotic chemical detoxification. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major agricultural pest in several countries, especially Egypt. This is the first study to identify and characterize GST genes in S. frugiperda under insecticidal stress. The present work evaluated the toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EBZ) and chlorantraniliprole (CHP) against the third-instar larvae of S. frugiperda using the leaf disk method...