Anti-M-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a major comorbidity of HIV-1 infection, marked by impairment of executive function varying in severity. HAND affects nearly half of people living with HIV (PLWH), with mild forms predominating since the use of anti-retroviral therapies (ART). The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients adherent to ART, and its administration or expression in animals causes cognitive symptoms. Studies of Tat interaction with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) suggest that glutamate toxicity contributes to Tat-induced impairments...

Autoimmune encephalitis is an infrequent pathological occurrence documented within our local context. When clinical suspicion arises, employing electroencephalogram and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proves valuable. However, for conclusive diagnosis confirmation, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is indispensable. Managing this condition involves a combination of immunosuppression and, when necessary, tumor resection. We document the initial cases reported in our city, featuring two young patients without significant pre-existing conditions...

BACKGROUND: Muscarinic or 5-HT1A receptors are crucial in learning and memory processes, and their expression is evident in the brain areas involved in cognition. The administration of the activators of these receptors prevents the development of cognitive dysfunctions in animal models of schizophrenia induced by MK-801 (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) administration. GABAergic dysfunction is considered as one of the most important causes of MK-801-induced spatial learning deficits...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A clinical practice guideline (CPG) was created to standardize evaluation and treatment for patients with suspected anti-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoimmune encephalitis (AE), the most common AE in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CPG effect on time to diagnosis, treatment, and hospital length of stay (LOS). METHODS: Patients with an inpatient consult to pediatric rheumatology for AE during a 4-year period (period 2) after CPG implementation were identified...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting mental ability and interrupts neurocognitive functions. Treating multifactorial conditions of AD with a single-target-directed drug is highly difficult. Thus, a multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) development strategy has been developed as a promising approach for the treatment of AD. Herein, we have synthesized two novel thiosemicarbazones as MTDLs and reported their bioactivities against diverse neuropathological events involved in AD...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder associated with slow loss of brain functions leading to memory failure and modest changes in behavior. The multifactorial neuropathological condition is due to a depletion of cholinergic neurons and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Recently, a multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) strategy has emerged as a robust drug discovery tool to overcome current challenges. In this research work, we aimed to design and develop a library of triazole-bridged aryl adamantane analogs for the treatment of AD...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare condition in which autoantibodies attack neuronal tissue, causing neuropsychiatric disturbances. This study sought to evaluate MR imaging findings associated with subtypes and categories of autoimmune encephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of autoimmune encephalitis with specific autoantibodies were identified from the medical record (2009-2019). Cases were excluded if no MR imaging of the brain was available, antibodies were associated with demyelinating disease, or >1 concurrent antibody was present...

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis (NMDAR AE) is an antibody-mediated neurological disorder that may be caused by post-herpes simplex virus-1 meningoencephalitis (HSV ME) and ovarian teratomas, although most pediatric cases are idiopathic. We sought to evaluate if other infections precede NMDAR AE by conducting a single-center, retrospective, case-control study of 86 pediatric cases presenting to Texas Children's Hospital between 2006 and 2022. HSV ME (HSV-1 and HSV-2) was a significantly more common preceding infection in the experimental group compared to control patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, while there was no difference in remote HSV infection between the two groups...

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) represents a growing number of severe autoimmune-inflammatory diseases affecting both the white and grey matter of the brain. In part 1 of this series we focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of this condition, with two illustrative cases. In this part, we will introduce the clinical criteria for AE, particularly for the diagnosis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, which were developed to facilitate immune treatment in suspected cases before antibody results are available...

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. The pro-epileptic and antiepileptic roles of microglia have recently garnered significant attention. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, an important kinase in the innate immune response, is mainly expressed in microglia and acts as a negative regulator of the TLR4 signaling pathway that mediates the anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether IRAK-M exerts a protective role in epileptogenesis as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these processes are yet to be elucidated...

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (NMDARe) is the most common cause of nonviral encephalitis, mostly affecting young women and adolescents with a strong female predominance (F/M ratio of around 4:1). NMDARe is characterized by the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies against NMDARs, even though its pathophysiological mechanisms have not totally been clarified. The clinical phenotype of NMDARe is composed of both severe neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms, including generalized seizures with desaturations, behavioral abnormalities, and movement disorders...

Diabetic retinopathy (DRET) triggers vision loss in adults, however, little therapeutic options are existing. Memantine is an anti-Alzheimer drug that antagonizes the activity of glutamate at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Glutamate and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) are known to be overexpressed in diabetic retinas and can produce activation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) with subsequent secretion of interlukin-1β. This study repurposed memantine for its neuroprotective effect in experimental DRET and tested its impact on ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis in children and adults. Although our understanding of the disease mechanisms has progressed, little is known about estimating patient outcomes. Therefore, the NEOS (anti- N MDAR E ncephalitis O ne-Year Functional S tatus) score was introduced as a tool to predict disease progression in NMDARE. Developed in a mixed-age cohort, it currently remains unclear whether NEOS can be optimized for pediatric NMDARE...

Many cases of aseptic meningitis or meningoencephalitis, unresponsive to antimicrobial treatments, have been reported recently in patients with established/new-onset central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNSIDDs). Given the higher probability of infectious etiologies, CNSIDDs are rarely considered among the differentials in meningitis or meningoencephalitis cases. We gathered and tabulated cases of non-infectious, steroid-responsive meningitis or meningoencephalitis associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD)...

Ketamine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is commonly used to induce anaesthesia during cancer surgery and relieve neuropathic and cancer pain. This study was conducted to assess whether ketamine has any inhibiting effects on neuroglioma (H4) and lung cancer cells (A549) in vitro. The cultured H4 and A549 cells were treated with ketamine and MK801 (0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μM) for 24 h. The expressions of glutamate receptors on both types of cancer cells were assessed with qRT-PCR...

After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged, the development of vaccines was accelerated. Neurologic complications of COVID-19 vaccination had been reported, which included encephalitis. In this study, we report a very rare case of a female with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma that would be triggered by BNT162b2 m-RNA COVID-19 vaccination.

The anti-apoptosis effect of germinated brown rice (GBR) focusing on differentiated HT22 cells results in improved nutritional values after the germination process of GBR which contains total phenolic compounds and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Cell death induced by 5 mM glutamate was investigated for 24 h to determine whether GBR mediates cell death through GABA receptors by using antagonists. The results showed that GBR (100 µg/ml) suppressed glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and caused arrest at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle in differentiated HT22 cells...

The facilitated activity of N -methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems promotes neuropathic pain. Amitriptyline (ATL) and desipramine (DES) are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) whose anti-NMDAR properties contribute to their analgetic effects. At therapeutic concentrations <1 µM, these medicines inhibit NMDARs by enhancing their calcium-dependent desensitization (CDD). Li+ , which suppresses the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) and enhances NMDAR CDD, also exhibits analgesia...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an underexplored condition. This study aims to systematically review the clinico-investigational and pathophysiologic aspects of COVID-19 and its vaccines in association with AIE, and identify the factors predicting neurological severity and outcomes. METHODS: Relevant data sources were searched using appropriate search terms on January 15, 2022. Studies meeting the criteria for AIE having a temporal association with COVID-19 or its vaccines were included...

LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1/CD91) binds diverse ligands, many of which activate cell-signaling. Herein, we compared three LRP1 ligands that inhibit inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including: enzymatically-inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA); activated α2 -macroglobulin (α2 M); and S-PrP, a soluble derivative of nonpathogenic cellular prion protein (PrPC ). In bone marrow-derived macrophages, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor was essential for all three LRP1 ligands to activate cell-signaling and inhibit LPS-induced cytokine expression...