Melanocytic lesions

BACKGROUND: Increasing melanoma incidence with less increasing mortality is observed in several countries. This discrepancy is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: In this study, our aim was to discuss factors (UV exposure, melanoma treatment, diagnostic activity, overdiagnosis, pathologists' diagnostic threshold and clinicians' propensity to remove suspect skin lesions) that may influence melanoma incidence and mortality in Denmark. METHODS: This was a register study with the number of melanocyte-related lesions and melanoma mortality based on comprehensive national pathology and mortality databases for the period 1999-2019...

A 7-year-old Lhasa Apso presented with a history of left thoracic limb lameness and neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined, extradural lesion that was hyperintense on T1-weighted (T1W) images and isointense on T2-weighted (T2W) images and T2* images located at the left lamina of the C4 vertebra. Computed tomography showed an isoattenuating and contrast-enhancing mass centered on the left C4 vertebral lamina with associated osteolysis. The mass was surgically debulked, and histopathology revealed a malignant melanocytic tumour...

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of subcorneal hematoma (SH) can be challenging because the clinical presentation of SH can resemble melanocytic lesions. Few studies have examined the characteristic dermoscopic features of SH, but a more detailed large-scale study is needed to overcome the diagnostic challenge of differentiating it from acral melanoma. OBJECTIVES: To describe the dermoscopic features of SH. METHODS: We evaluated the clinical and dermoscopic features of 50 SH lesions from 43 patients at the Pusan National University Hospitals (Busan and Yangsan)...

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous neoplastic disorders are often observed in small mammal pets, such as dogs, regardless of their gender. AIM: An important objective of this work was to give a full account of the clinical, pathological, and immune-histochemical features of several skin tumors in dogs. METHODS: This study was a case series in the hospital clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. Twenty-five dogs (14 males and 11 females) were examined clinically during the period from March 2022 to October 2023...

BACKGROUND: Melanocytic nevi are frequently observed in the pediatric population. While newly acquired nevi can appear during childhood, congenital nevi can continue to grow and clinically change, making patient caregivers concerned. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in vivo is a noninvasive tool that might enhance the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy, reducing the rate of unnecessary surgical procedures. This study aimed to assess the utility of RCM in increasing the diagnostic accuracy of pediatric melanocytic nevi that show pigmentation changes or grow rapidly...

Previous reports proposed the concept and criteria of epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma (EMMM): (a) dermal involvement equal to or broader than the epidermal involvement, (b) atypical melanocytes within the dermis, (c) thinning of the epidermis, (d) widening of the papillary dermis with an epithelial collarette, and (e) vascular invasion of atypical melanocytes. However, it remains unclear whether EMMM also involves the mucosal epithelium. In this case, the patient was diagnosed with EMMM based on the histopathological findings of the patient's multiple skin lesions and clinical course...

Non-invasive diagnostics like line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) are being implemented in dermato-oncology. However, unification of terminology in LC-OCT is lacking. By reviewing the LC-OCT literature in the field of dermato-oncology, this study aimed to develop a unified terminological glossary integrated with traditional histopathology. A PRISMA-guided literature-search was conducted for English-language publications on LC-OCT of actinic keratosis (AK), keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), and malignant melanoma (MM)...

Dermoscopy is widely used for the diagnosis of skin cancer and it increases the accuracy of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) detection. BCC dermoscopic criteria have been updated and divided into vascular, pigment-related, and non-vascular/non-pigment-related. Our multicenter retrospective study tested a new dermoscopic pigment-related characteristic to detect pigmented BCC (pBCC) [brown homogeneous blotches (BHB)]. Cases of pBCC were collected from the databases of IDI-IRCCS of Rome and from three Italian private dermatology centers...

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INTRODUCTION: Leptomeningeal melanocytomas are rare tumours originating from neural crest derived melanocytes. They are usually solitary and presentation with multifocal meningeal melanocytoma is very rare and indicative of potentially more aggressive behaviour. This case report and scoping review sought to evaluate the presentation, and key radiological features that can help differentiate multifocal meningeal melanocytoma from other differentials and provide a discussion of the key management and prognostic points once these tumours are diagnosed...

Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM) is a form of cancer that originates in the pigment-producing cells, known as melanocytes, of the skin. Delay wound healing is often correlated with the occurrence of and progression of SKCM. In this comprehensive study, we investigated the intricate roles of two important wound healing genes in SKCM, including Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9). Through a multi-faceted approach, we collected clinical samples, conducted molecular experiments, including RT-qPCR, bisulphite sequencing, cell culture, cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, and wound healing assays...

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancers that originate from melanocytes due to sun exposure, causing mutations. Early detection boosts the cure rate to 90%, but misclassification drops survival to 15-20%. Clinical variations challenge dermatologists in distinguishing benign nevi and melanomas. Current diagnostic methods, including visual analysis and dermoscopy, have limitations, emphasizing the need for Artificial Intelligence understanding in dermatology. OBJECTIVES: In this paper, we aim to explore dermoscopic structures for the classification of melanoma lesions...

PURPOSE: Choroidal melanocytoma is a rare benign melanocytic tumor. We report a case of choroidal melanocytoma that was definitively diagnosed by histopathological findings after local resection. OBSERVATION: A 71-year-old female complained of blurred vision in her left eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.0. A dark-brown elevated lesion, measuring 5 papilla-diameter was found in the periphery of the fundus in her left eye. The mass showed hyperfluorescence on fluorescein angiography, early hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence on indocyanine green angiography...

The iris is a unique structure, with exquisite variations in colour and form. Pathological changes, specifically including iris cysts and tumours are relatively uncommon, difficult to diagnose, and yet potentially blinding or life-threatening. Based on a comprehensive literature review, with highly illustrated key case examples, this report aims to guide the clinician in filtering the differential diagnoses of iris cysts and tumours. Evaluation is in the context of key diagnostic clinical tools and management considerations...

Birthmarks in newborns can be classified as vascular, melanocytic or pigmented, or markers of underlying developmental abnormalities of the nervous system. A nevus simplex is a benign capillary malformation. Newborns with a nevus flammeus can be safely treated before one year of age with a pulsed dye laser to reduce the visibility of lesions. Infantile hemangiomas should be treated with systemic beta blockers if there is a risk of life-threatening complications, functional impairment, ulceration, underlying abnormalities, permanent scarring, or alteration of anatomic landmarks...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although excision of melanocytic nevi with high-grade dysplasia is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), clinical studies investigating the approach based on the grading dysplasia of melanocytic lesions with peripheral globules (PGs) are lacking. We investigated the grades of dysplasia and their distinguishable dermoscopic and clinical features to provide accurate data for managing these lesions. METHODS: We retrospectively classified histologically confirmed melanocytic lesions with PGs according to the 2018 WHO Classification of Skin Tumours criteria in a university hospital in Turkey...

Primary intracranial meningeal melanomas are rare. Diagnosing primary meningeal melanomas mostly involves comprehensive assessment through clinical and radiological means. This evaluation should encompass a detailed dermal and ophthalmic examination. Any suspicious lesion must be biopsied and examined microscopically. This is crucial not only to differentiate primary intracranial melanoma from other brain tumors but also to rule out metastases from potential sources of primary cutaneous or non-cutaneous melanomas...

Introduction: Lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) predominantly affect the head and neck areas in elderly patients, presenting as challenging ill-defined pigmented lesions with indistinct borders. Surgical margin determination for complete removal remains intricate due to these characteristics. Morphological examination of surgical margins is the key form of determining successful treatment in LM/LMM and underpin the greater margin control provided through the Slow Mohs micrographic surgery (SMMS) approach...

Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation...

A 4-month-old male presented for a large, hypertrichotic brown patch on the upper back with several scattered 0.5-1.5 cm, round to oval, brown macules and patches on the trunk and extremities. The lesion was initially diagnosed as a giant congenital melanocytic nevus based on clinical exam and histopathology with immunohistochemical stains. The patient was later diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1, and the lesion on the back developed a "bag of worms" texture consistent with a plexiform neurofibroma and found to harbor a pathogenic variant in the NF1 gene...