AIDS guidelines

With the explosive growth of protein-related data, we are confronted with a critical scientific inquiry: How can we effectively retrieve, compare, and profoundly comprehend these protein structures to maximize the utilization of such data resources? PS-GO, a parametric protein search engine, has been specifically designed and developed to maximize the utilization of the rapidly growing volume of protein-related data. This innovative tool addresses the critical need for effective retrieval, comparison, and deep understanding of protein structures...

BACKGROUND: To address antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) principles must be implemented and adhered to. Clinical decision aids such as the MicroGuideTM app are an important part of these efforts. We sought to evaluate the consistency of core AMS information and the diversity of classification thresholds for healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) in the MicroGuide app. METHODS: Guidelines in the MicroGuide app were extracted and analysed for content related to AMS and HAP...

BACKGROUND: Exposure to potentially traumatic events increases the risk of a person developing a mental disorder. Training community members to offer support to a person during and after a traumatic situation may help lower this risk. This study reports on the cultural adaptation of Australian mental health first aid guidelines for individuals exposed to a potentially traumatic event to the Chilean and Argentinian context. METHODS: A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted with two panels of experts, one of people with lived experience of trauma (either their own or as a carer; n = 26) and another one of health professionals (n = 41)...

Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) has spread beyond the Middle East. However, the actual global prevalence of the virus is yet unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis, thus, followed the standard reporting guidelines to provide comprehensive details on the prevalence of Alkhumra virus infection globally. The pooled prevalence of AHFV globally was estimated at 1.3% (95% CI: 0.3-6.3), with higher prevalence in humans (3.4%, 95% CI: 0.4-25.0) compared to animals (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.3-1.8). The prevalence in ticks and camels were 0...

BACKGROUND: Currently, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has become one of the major health problems worldwide, including Indonesia. East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of HIV infection. One of the causes of HIV infection transmission is lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) practice. Furthermore, the treatment using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in HIV-1 patients can fail due to the presence of HIV drug resistance...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Electronic health records (EHRs) are routinely collected throughout a person's care, recording all aspects of health status, including current and past conditions, prescriptions and test results. EHRs can be used for epidemiological research. However, there are nuances in the way conditions are recorded using clinical coding; it is important to understand the methods which have been applied to define exposures, covariates and outcomes to enable interpretation of study findings...

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for persons living with HIV, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. Given the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)'s investment in TPT services for persons living with HIV as a strategy to prevent TB as well as uncertainty in guidelines and policy regarding use of TPT during pregnancy and the postpartum period, we conducted a review of current relevant national guidelines among PEPFAR-supported countries...

Background: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health epidemics of the 21st century. Observational studies report that increases in portion size (PS) have occurred in parallel with levels of obesity. Increased PSs of high-energy-dense foods can promote overeating, and without compensatory behaviours, can contribute to childhood obesity. Caregivers make decisions about PSs for children in the home and nursery environment, thus are gatekeepers to child food intake. Understanding caregiver PS decisions can aid in the best practice of PS provision to young children...

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common problems in clinical settings. Rapid and accurate identification of bacterial pathogens will provide practical guidelines for managing and treating RTIs. This study describes a method for rapidly detecting bacterial pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections via multi-channel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). LAMP is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool that rapidly detects bacterial nucleic acids with high accuracy and reliability...

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a substantial burden globally and particularly in India, affecting health, finances, and overall quality of life. The management of this condition relies on lifestyle modifications and advanced pharmacological interventions, with emerging drugs showing promise in areas such as administration, side effects, efficacy, and cardiovascular benefits. However, their market penetration is hindered by high costs. Understanding the target population's expectations and willingness to pay (WTP) for these drugs is crucial...

Critically ill patients are a vulnerable group at high risk of developing secondary infections. High disease severity, prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay, sepsis, and multiple drugs with immunosuppressive activity make these patients prone to immuneparesis and increase the risk of various opportunistic infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV seroconversion has been reported in up to 33% of ICU patients, but its impact on patient outcomes remains a matter of debate. Even though there are guidelines regarding the management of CMV infection in immunosuppressive patients with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, the need for treatment and therapeutic approaches in immunocompetent critically ill patients is still ambiguous...

BACKGROUND: The noteworthy correlation between bite force and masticatory performance emphasizes its significance as a meaningful and objective method for assessing oral function. Furthermore, in the study of bruxism, the measurement of intraoral bite force assumes critical importance. Given the importance of assessing occlusal forces and bite force, this systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of wireless sensors in measuring these forces. METHODS: The search methodology employed in this systematic review adhered to the guidelines outlined by PRISMA...

Diabetes and obesity are closely interlinked. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and appears to be an important risk factor for diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications. Management of hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes is important to reduce diabetes-related complications. Previously, there was a significant tension between management of hyperglycaemia and mitigating weight gain. Older drugs, such as sulfonylureas, glitazones, and insulin, although effective antihyperglycaemic agents, tend to induce weight gain...

BACKGROUND: The TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) Evaluation Committee of Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and College of American Pathologists (CAP) recommended to prospectively validate the cost-effective and robust tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) as an independent prognostic parameter, since high intratumor stromal percentages have previously predicted poor patient-related outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 'Uniform Noting for International application of Tumor-stroma ratio as Easy Diagnostic tool' (UNITED) study enrolled patients in 27 participating centers in 12 countries worldwide...

SAVI SCOUT® or radar reflector localisation (RRL) has proven accurate in localising non-palpable breast and axillary lesions, with minimal interference with MRI. Targeted axillary dissection (TAD), combining marked lymph node biopsy (MLNB) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), is becoming a standard post-neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) for node-positive early breast cancer. Compared to SLNB alone, TAD reduces the false negative rate (FNR) to below 6%, enabling safer axillary surgery de-escalation. This systematic review evaluates RRL's performance during TAD, assessing localisation and retrieval rates, the concordance between MLNB and SLNB, and the pathological complete response (pCR) in clinically node-positive patients post-NST...

Ultrasound and high-frequency ultrasound assessment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the pre-therapeutical setting is becoming increasingly popular in the field of dermatosurgery and dermatooncology, as it can provide clinicians with relevant, "in vivo" parameters regarding tumor lateral and depth extension as well as potential locoregional spread, cancelling the need of more extensive imaging methods and avoiding a delay in diagnosis. Furthermore, preoperative sonography and color Doppler can aid in orienting the clinical diagnosis, being able in numerous situations to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, which require a different therapeutic approach...

BACKGROUND: Teleaudiology can potentially improve access to hearing healthcare services. Remote hearing aid fittings offer a new mode of service delivery that removes barriers of geography and access to an audiologist. Real-ear measurements (REMs) are the gold standard for hearing aid output verification but require in-clinic appointments. This study will investigate whether remote hearing aid fittings can provide clinically equivalent outcomes when compared to current, in-clinic, best practice guidelines...

Availability of devices capable of continuous rhythm monitoring such as smartwatches, implantable loop recorders, or pacemakers/defibrillators is continuously increasing. Importantly, device detected "subclinical" atrial fibrillation seems to convey a significantly lower risk of thromboembolism than "clinical" atrial fibrillation verified by a conventional ECG recording. While current guidelines indicate a possible role of oral anticoagulation in selected high-risk patients with subclinical AF, recent trials show an ambiguous risk/benefit relationship of anticoagulation in this setting...

OBJECTIVES: Qualitative methodologies are commonly adopted in hearing loss research. Grounded theory methodology is increasingly used to establish novel theories explaining experiences related to hearing loss. Establishing and improving the quality of grounded theory studies has been emphasized as critical to ensuring theoretical trustworthiness. Thus, the primary aim of the present study was to systematically review hearing loss research studies that have applied grounded theory methodology and assess the methodological quality of those grounded theory applications...

IntroductionThere is an urgent, persistent, need for better biomarkers in clinical drug development. More informative biomarkers can increase the likelihood of drug advancement or approval, and implementing biomarkers increases the success rate in drug development. Biomarkers may guide decisions and allow resources to be directed to the projects most likely to succeed. However, biomarkers that are validated to high standards are needed, reflecting biological and pathological processes accurately. Such biomarkers are needed to develop treatments faster, and to improve and guide clinical trial design by selecting and de-selecting patients...