interferon-gamma

To predict protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, cellular immunity seems to be more sensitive than humoral immunity. Through an Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Release Assay (IGRA), we show that, despite a marked decrease in total antibodies, 94.3% of 123 healthcare workers have a positive cellular response 6 months after inoculation with the 2nd dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Despite the qualitative relationship found, we did not observe a quantitative correlation between IFN-γ and IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2...

Assessing immune responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) after liver transplant in patients on immunosuppressive therapy remains challenging. In this study, employing ELISPOT assays, 52 liver-transplant recipients were evaluated for antiviral T-cell activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion upon stimulation with CMV-specific peptides (CMV peptide pool, CMV IE-1, and pp65 antigens). Parameters such as stimulation index, mean spot size, and mean spot count were measured...

Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues...

Interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), a natural regulator molecule of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18), plays an important role in regulating the expression of the cellular immunity factor interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In a previous RNA-seq analysis of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) infected with the TIM and TJ strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we unexpectedly found that the mRNA expression of porcine interleukin 18-binding protein (pIL-18BP) in PAM cells infected with the TJM strain was significantly higher than that infected with the TJ strain...

Hyperactivation of pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) mirrors the inflammation of coronavirus disease 2019. Helminths could alleviate excessive immune responses. Here, helminth Trichinella spiralis (Ts) infection was shown to protect against TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced shock. Mechanistically, Ts-induced protection was interleukin-9 (IL-9) dependent but not IL-4Rα. Recombinant IL-9 treatment not only improved the survival of wild-type mice with TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced shock but also that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice, emphasizing the significance of IL-9 in alleviating cytokine storm syndromes during SARS-CoV-2 infection...

Toxoplasmosis is the most prevalent parasitic zoonosis worldwide, causing ocular and neurological diseases. No vaccine has been approved for human use. We evaluated the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to a novel construct of Toxoplasma gondii total antigen in maltodextrin nanoparticles (NP/TE) in individuals with varying infectious statuses (uninfected, chronic asymptomatic, or ocular toxoplasmosis). We analyzed the concentration of IFN-γ after NP/TE ex vivo stimulation using ELISA and the immunophenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations using flow cytometry...

BACKGROUND: In most cases, Zika virus (ZIKV) causes a self-limited acute illness in adults, characterized by mild clinical symptoms that resolve within a few days. Immune responses, both innate and adaptive, play a central role in controlling and eliminating virus-infected cells during the early stages of infection. AIM: To test the hypothesis that circulating T cells exhibit phenotypic and functional activation characteristics during the viremic phase of ZIKV infection...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid host-protein test for differentiating bacterial from viral infections in patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) or urgent care center (UCC). METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter, blinded study. MeMed BV (MMBV), a test based on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interferon gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and C-reactive protein (CRP), was measured using a rapid measurement platform...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of YSCH-01 (Recombinant L-IFN adenovirus) in subjects with advanced solid tumors. METHODS: In this single-center, open-label, investigator-initiated trial of YSCH-01, 14 patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled. The study consisted of two distinct phases: (1) the dose escalation phase and (2) the dose expansion phase; with three dose groups in the dose escalation phase based on dose levels (5.0×109 viral particles (VP)/subject, 5...

BACKGROUND: Cockroach allergy contributes to morbidity among urban children with asthma. Few trials address the effect of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with cockroach allergen among these at-risk children. OBJECTIVE: To determine if nasal allergen challenge (NAC) responses to cockroach allergen would improve following one year of SCIT. METHODS: Urban children with asthma, that were cockroach-sensitized and reactive on NAC, participated in a yearlong randomized double-blind placebo-controlled SCIT trial using German cockroach extract...

Metabolic disorders are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. We previously identified C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), as a major contributor to the type I interferon response in microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized FDA-approved metabolic disorder drugs that attenuate CXCL10 secretion may be repurposed as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Screening, dose curves, and cytotoxicity assays in LPS-stimulated microglia yielded treprostinil (hypertension), pitavastatin (hyperlipidemia), and eplerenone (hypertension) as candidates that significantly reduced CXCL10 secretion (in addition to other pro-inflammatory mediators) without impacting cell viability...

The production of IFN-γ is crucial for control of multiple enteric infections, but its impact on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is not well understood. Cryptosporidium parasites exclusively infect epithelial cells and the ability of interferons to activate the transcription factor STAT1 in IEC is required for parasite clearance. Here, the use of single cell RNA sequencing to profile IEC during infection revealed an increased proportion of mid-villus enterocytes during infection and induction of IFN-γ-dependent gene signatures that was comparable between uninfected and infected cells...

In the monitoring of human Toxoplasma gondii infection, it is crucial to confirm the development of a specific Th1/Th17 immune response memory. The use of a simple, specific, and sensitive assay to follow the T-cell activation is thus required. Current protocols are not always specific as stimulation with peptides is Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-dependent, while stimulation with total-lysis antigens tends to stimulate seronegative donors resulting to false positives. Here, an improved ELISPOT protocol is reported, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of T...

Salmonella infections are a serious global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and are further exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a traditional herbal medicine with potent anti-inflammatory properties, has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment. Our study emphasizes on the importance of precise timing in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles. A mouse infection model was established while different administration times of SHXXT were recorded for the body weight, clinical scores, bacterial counts in blood, and organs...

Objective: To investigate the association between cytokines and ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and identify specific biomarkers for ocular cGVHD to enhance clinical diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation. Methods: A mouse model of cGVHD was established to explore the correlation between cGVHD and serum cytokines. Based on the findings from the animal experiments and literature review, a panel of 16 cytokine combinations was identified. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to compare the cytokine concentrations in the serum and tear samples from patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from June 2017 to March 2022 at the Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University...

UNLABELLED: Histoplasmosis is a soil-based dimorphic fungus endemic to the Midwest and Southeastern United States and is responsible for infection through inhalation of conidia. Infection is usually asymptomatic, as the fungal growth is contained by formation of granulomas. However, dissemination can occur in immunocompromised hosts due to the lack of optimal activity of interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-17. There is a significant overlap between the symptomatology of histoplasmosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)...

BACKGROUND: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome characterized by excessive immune activation and inflammatory response. Conventional immunotherapy and molecular targeted drugs demonstrate varying efficacy. Cytokine storm, the primary pathogenic mechanism of HLH, is driven by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-18, etc., in which IFN-γ plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Emapalumab, a potent IFN-γ inhibitor, effectively reduces the occurrence of cytokine storms in refractory and relapsed HLH...

INTRODUCTION: Blood pressure is closely linked with immune function. This study examined the association between natural killer (NK) cell activity (NKA) and blood pressure and the development of hypertension according to NKA levels. METHODS: This study enrolled 1543 adults who underwent NKA measurement and serial health check-ups at a medical center in Korea. NKA was estimated as the concentration of IFN-γ in the incubated whole blood containing a patented stimulatory cytokine...

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with numerous clinical manifestations. Organ involvement can aggravate patients with SLE and cause comorbidities such as atherosclerosis. Recently, the TNFSF13B gene has been found to be linked with SLE events. This study aimed to analyze the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TNFSF13B rs9514828 with incidence of atherosclerosis and therapeutic outcomes in patients with SLE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 84 SLE patients, of whom 21 patients with SLE with atherosclerosis and 63 patients with SLE without atherosclerosis...

BACKGROUND: Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most lethal complication of malaria, and survivors usually endure neurological sequelae. Notably, the cytotoxic effect of infiltrating Plasmodium-activated CD8+ T cells on cerebral microvasculature endothelial cells is a prominent feature of the experimental CM (ECM) model with blood-brain barrier disruption. However, the damage effect of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the brain parenchyma on neurons remains unclear. Based on the immunosuppressive effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on T cells, our previous study demonstrated that the systemic upregulation of PD-L1 to inhibit CD8+ T cell function could effectively alleviate the symptoms of ECM mice...