central facial nerve palsy

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the myelin sheath covering the neurons of the central nervous system, including those of the brain and spinal cord. Although the etiology is not completely understood, various factors, such as genetic infections and environmental background, play a role in the pathogenesis. Repeated active episodes of MS characterized with marked inflammation results in the scarring of particular nerve segments, and eventually results in functional impairment over a period of time...

Penetrating traumatic brain injury accompanied by perforating ocular injury caused by low-velocity foreign bodies is a life-threatening condition, a surgical emergency and a major challenge in surgical practice, representing a severe subtype of non-missile traumatic brain injury, which is a relatively rare pathology among civilians. Optimal management of such an injury remains controversial, requiring full understanding of its pathophysiology and a multidisciplinary expert approach. Herein, we report a case of penetrating brain and associated perforating eye injury and discuss relevant literature providing further insight into this demanding complex multi-organ injury...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) cell therapy is highly effective against hematological cancers but is associated with immune mediated side effects, including neurotoxicity. The most commonly described presentations of immune cell mediated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) include cortical symptoms and generally localize to the central nervous system. In this report, we present a patient with acute onset of bilateral facial nerve palsy following CAR-T cell therapy, followed by a complete clinical recovery. Aside from a temporary anisocoria, he had no other neurologic symptoms and no encephalopathy or seizures...

BACKGROUND: Peripheral-type facial palsy could be caused by a lesion in the tegmentum of the pons, such as infarction, with a rare occurrence. We herein described a case of unilateral peripheral-type facial palsy induced by dorsolateral pontine infarction and treated this patient using modified hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old female presented with dizziness, hearing drop, diplopia, and peripheral-type facial palsy. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed a dorsolateral pontine infarction on the right side which exactly refers to the location of the ipsilateral facial nucleus or facial nerve fascicles at the pons...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the pathogen responsible for the pandemic health emergency declared by the World Health Organization in March 2020. During the first part of the pandemic, adults showed mild to severe respiratory symptoms. Children seemed initially exempt, both from acute and subsequent complications. Hyposmia or anosmia were promptly identified as the main symptoms of acute infection, so neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 was immediately suspected. (1, 2)...

Peripheral facial nerve injury leads to changes in the expression of various neuroactive substances that affect nerve cell damage, survival, growth, and regeneration. In the case of peripheral facial nerve damage, the injury directly affects the peripheral nerves and induces changes in the central nervous system (CNS) through various factors, but the substances involved in these changes in the CNS are not well understood. The objective of this review is to investigate the biomolecules involved in peripheral facial nerve damage so as to gain insight into the mechanisms and limitations of targeting the CNS after such damage and identify potential facial nerve treatment strategies...

Facial nerve palsy is a clinical diagnosis differentiating between central upper motor neuron lesions and peripheral lower motor neuron lesions. Rehabilitation is an important issue in peripheral facial nerve palsy management. In this article, we present the case of an adult woman affected by right peripheral facial nerve palsy due to acoustic neuroma surgical excision. She immediately started a rehabilitation plan, but it was stopped due to COVID-19 lockdown and did not resume because of the fear of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)...

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not free of side effects and most commonly affect the central or peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS). This narrative review aims to summarise recent advances in the nature, frequency, management, and outcome of neurological side effects from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. CNS disorders triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include headache, cerebro-vascular disorders (venous sinus thrombosis [VST], ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid bleeding, reversible, cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, vasculitis, pituitary apoplexy, Susac syndrome), inflammatory diseases (encephalitis, meningitis, demyelinating disorders, transverse myelitis), epilepsy, and a number of other rarely reported CNS conditions...

The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119(3):504-32) on clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neurological diseases. Most TMS measures rely on stimulation of motor cortex and recording of motor evoked potentials. Paired-pulse TMS techniques, incorporating conventional amplitude-based and threshold tracking, have established clinical utility in neurodegenerative, movement, episodic (epilepsy, migraines), chronic pain and functional diseases...

INTRODUCTION: As a novel infectious disease, COVID-19 is caused by SARS-COV-2, spreading rapidly worldwide. ENT specialists have faced this challenging disease in various ways since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. We are currently facing an increase in cases referred due to sinonasal mucormycosis which is a rare but invasive, rapidly progressive, and life-threatening infection. We provide an overview of this disease's incidence rate and clinical features. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 sinonasal mucormycosis patients who were histopathologically confirmed after sinonasal endoscopic surgery in our educational therapeutic hospital during 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic from March 20, 2020, to March 20, 2022...

Bell palsy is a non-progressive neurological condition characterized by the acute onset of ipsilateral seventh cranial nerve paralysis. People who suffer from this type of facial paralysis develop a droop on one side of their face, or sometimes both. This condition is distinguished by a sudden onset of facial paralysis accompanied by clinical features such as mild fever, postauricular pain, dysgeusia, hyperacusis, facial changes, and drooling or dry eyes. Epidemiological evidence suggests that 15 to 23 people per 100,000 are affected each year, with a recurrence rate of 12%...

Cardioembolic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and the leading cause of long-term morbidity. Embolisms of cardiac origin, such as atrial fibrillation, represent about one-fifth of all ischemic strokes. Patients with acute atrial fibrillation frequently require anticoagulation, which increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. A 67-year-old woman was brought to the Emergency Department with decreased consciousness, weakness on the left side, facial expression, and slurred speech. The patient had a history of atrial fibrillation and was taking regular medications acarbose, warfarin, candesartan and bisoprolol...

Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a manifestation of Lyme disease involving the central and peripheral nervous system. It is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by tick bites to a human host. Clinical signs of LNB develop after the dissemination of the pathogen to the nervous system. The infection occurs in children and adults, but the clinical manifestations differ. In adults, painful meningoradicultis is the most common manifestation of LNB, while children often present with facial nerve palsy and/or subacute meningitis...

BACKGROUND: Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (RHS) due to varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is commonly reported in individuals aged at least 50 years or immunocompromised individuals. VZV infection may invade the central nervous system (CNS) and cause meningitis or encephalitis, which are more likely to occur in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes and chronic renal failure. However, cases with VZV-induced concurrent RHS and CNS infections are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Two young male patients, aged 32 and 43 years, with no underlying disease developed VZV meningitis, followed by RHS involving cranial nerves VII and VIII...

BACKGROUND: Depressed skull fractures are typically the consequence of high-impact injuries with inward buckling of the cranium. The majority of depressed skull fractures are managed conservatively in the absence of dural violation, sinus involvement, significant underlying hematoma, depressed fragment greater than 1 cm, wound infection, or gross wound contamination. Even in the presence of any of the aforementioned criteria, cranioplasty is typically considered an urgent procedure rather than a neurosurgical emergency...

Patients with an acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) usually have a history of head trauma, but some patients may present with spontaneous aSDH due to a ruptured aneurysm. Spontaneous aSDH is a rare manifestation of aneurysmal rupture. However, aneurysmal rupture remains a major cause of spontaneous aSDH. A 42-year-old man was brought to the emergency room because of a sudden loss of consciousness during sexual intercourse. The patient has seizures and weakness on the right side of his body. The patient has no history of trauma and has never taken anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, sexual aphrodisiacs, or other drugs...

We present a rare case of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) rhombencephalitis with formation of multifocal abscesses in a young immunocompetent patient. His initial symptoms of dizziness, headache, and feeling generally unwell were put down to a coincidental co-infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The unfortunate rapid progression to trigeminal, hypoglossal, vagal, facial, and abducens nuclei palsies, and then an acquired central hypoventilation syndrome, known as Ondine's curse, required a prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and prolonged mechanical ventilation...

Nocardia is regarded as an opportunistic pathogen primarily affecting the respiratory system, whereas Nocardia farcinica is the species of the Nocardia family that is most frequently blamed for central nervous system impairment. The authors present the first case of mastoiditis caused by Nocardia farcinica , accompanied by intracranial complications. An immunocompetent 74-year-old woman who reported a three-week left ear discharge and a two-week facial nerve palsy was referred to our department. MRI revealed mastoiditis and epidural abscess...

BACKGROUND: Facial palsy (FP) is defined as an injury of the seventh cranial nerve pair, partial or total, which can be classified as central or peripheral. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is primarily used in the functional recovery of upper and lower limb conditions, however the technique has also been used for FP. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of PNF in the treatment of dysfunctions in FP. METHODS: Ten databases including BVS, CENTRAL Cochrane, CINAHL, PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched for dates prior to April 2021...

A 27-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for fever, associated with headache, nausea, and vomiting, and she rapidly developed mild left facial nerve palsy and diplopia. Neurological examination revealed mild meningitis associated with bilateral VI cranial nerve palsy and mild left facial palsy. As central nervous system (CNS) infection was suspected, a diagnostic lumbar puncture was performed, which revealed 1,677 cells/μl, 70% of which were polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Moreover, multiplex PCR immunoassay was positive for Neisseria meningitidis , supporting the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis...