Flash flood

The flash flood-induced erosion is the primary contributor to soil loss within the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). This phenomenon is exacerbated by a confluence of factors, including extreme precipitation events, undulating topographical features, and suboptimal soil and water conservation practices. Over the past few decades, several flash flood events have led to the significant degradation of pedosphere strata, which in turn has caused landslides along with fluvial sedimentation in the IHR. Researchers have advocated morphometric, hydrologic, and semi-empirical methods for assessing flash flood-induced soil erosion in hilly watersheds...

The aim of this review is to stimulate readers to undertake appropriate investigations of the mechanism for a possible oxygen effect in FLASH. FLASH is a method of delivery of radiation that empirically, in animal models, appears to decrease the impact of radiation on normal tissues while retaining full effect on tumors. This has the potential for achieving a significantly increased effectiveness of radiation therapy. The mechanism is not known but, especially in view of the prominent role that oxygen has in the effects of radiation, investigations of mechanisms of FLASH have often focused on impacts of FLASH on oxygen levels...

The development of agriculture sector and livelihood in Bangladesh are threatened by various climatic stressors, including flash flooding. Therefore, Extension and advisory services (EAS) need to navigate the knowledge landscape effectively to connect various farm actors and help secure the optimum benefits of knowledge and information for making rational decisions. However, little is known how EAS can perform this task to combat various effects of climate change. This study investigates the means of brokering knowledge by the EAS to help the farming sector adapt to flash flooding...

Extremely high dose rate radiation delivery (FLASH) for cancer treatment has been shown to produce less damage to normal tissues while having the same radiotoxic effect on tumor tissue (referred to as the FLASH effect). Research on the FLASH effect has two very pertinent implications for the field of biodosimetry: (1) FLASH is a good model to simulate delivery of prompt radiation from the initial moments after detonating a nuclear weapon and (2) the FLASH effect elucidates how dose rate impacts the biological mechanisms that underlie most types of biological biodosimetry...

Various pharmaceuticals are essential for livestock farming, but some are highly toxic to aquatic life if they reach surface water bodies. Mediterranean Climate is characterized by dry summers followed by intense autumn storms. We studied the effect of these climatic conditions on the risk of pharmaceutical residues transfer to streams at the catchment-scale. Pharmaceutical products routinely used in the study area, as well as their application frequency and season, were identified through interviews with farmers...

The high mountain ecosystem of the Indian Himalayas has frequently been experiencing primary hazards (like earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides). Often, these events are followed by the triggering of secondary hazards (like landslide dams, debris flows, and flooding), thereby posing massive risks to infrastructure and residents in the region. This study was taken up to understand the dynamics of an extraordinary debris flood disaster in the Rishiganga River valley, Chamoli district of Uttarakhand on 7th February 2021...

Flash floods are one of the worst natural disasters, causing massive economic losses and many deaths. Creating a flood susceptibility map (FSM) that pinpoints the areas most at risk of flooding is a crucial non-structural solution for managing floods. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of combinations of the random forest (RF) model with three biology-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, namely invasive weed optimization (IWO), slime mould algorithm (SMA), and satin bowerbird optimization (SBO), for flood susceptibility mapping in Estahban town, Iran...

Land degradation and soil erosion are becoming increasingly problematic in Africa's rapidly developing urban areas, particularly in Major Port Cities. Uncontrolled expansion and human pressures are hindering planning, adaptation, and conservation efforts. To understand the extent of these issues, this study combined morphometric analysis, soil loss calculation, field monitoring, and remote sensing and GIS tools to assess soil erosion in the Metropolis of Tangier (Morocco) located at the confluence of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean at the Strait of Gibraltar...

Flash flood in mountainous regions have caused significant damage worldwide in recent years, impacting and destroying structures. The impact load of flash flood is the key factor in the process of destruction. In this study five existing models for impact pressure calculation were compared and analyzed based on experimental data. What's important, combining two existing models, a new model considering both hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure was proposed. The results showed that the relative error of empirical coefficient was lowered from 16...

As the primary greenhouse gas, CO2 emission has noticeably increased over the past decades resulting in global warming and climate change. Surprisingly, anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric CO2 by 50% in less than 200 years, causing more frequent and severe rainfall, snowstorms, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, and rising sea levels in recent times. Hence, reducing the excess CO2 in the atmosphere is imperative to keep the global average temperature rise below 2 °C. Among many CO2 mitigation approaches, CO2 capture using porous materials is considered one of the most promising technologies...

Climate extreme events such as floods and droughts in any area have a significant impact on human life, infrastructure, agriculture, and the economy. In the last two years, flash floods caused by heavy rainstorms have become frequent and destructive in many catchments in Northern Iraq. The present study aims to examine flash floods in the Erbil region, Northern Iraq using Remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for geomorphic data. PCA results revealed that 12 geomorphic parameters exhibited a significant correlation with two different statistical components...

During the summer of 2022, several regions worldwide, including Iran, were subjected to intense monsoon rains, resulting in significant adverse impacts on the health, economy, and social well-being of affected populations. However, by focusing on adaptation and resilience measures, not only could the negative consequences of this phenomenon be mitigated, but as evidenced by other countries, the opportunity presented by rainwater could be utilized to promote development, health, and socioeconomic welfare in these areas...

Droughts and floods are weather-related hazards affecting cities in all climate zones and causing human deaths and material losses on all inhabited continents. The aim of this article is to review, analyse and discuss in detail the problems faced by urban ecosystems due to water surplus and scarcity, as well as the need of adaptation to climate change taking into account the legislation, current challenges and knowledge gaps. The literature review indicated that urban floods are much more recognised than urban droughts...

Hydro-morphological processes (HMP, any natural phenomenon contained within the spectrum defined between debris flows and flash floods) pose a relevant threat to infrastructure, urban and rural settlements and to lives in general. This has been widely observed in recent years and will likely become worse as climate change will influence the spatio-temporal pattern of precipitation events. The modelling of where HMP-driven hazards may occur can help define the appropriate course of actions before and during a crisis, reducing the potential losses that HMPs cause in their wake...

The flood event of November 25 and 26, 1967 corresponds to the deadliest storm affecting Portugal in recent centuries being responsible for >500 fatalities. The main trigger was the heavy rain that fell in just a few hours, provoking a rapid increase in river flows, although other concurrent circumstances had to occur to reach the dramatic water levels estimated in some affected places. However, even today, several important uncertainties related to water levels achieved and timing of floods remain. Here we aim to clarify some of the pending issues by applying suitable high performance numerical tools to elucidate the main conditioning factors that played a key role in the intensification of this dramatic flood...

Resilience analysis is critical in developing flash flood risk reduction strategies in the context of global change and sustainable development. The most common method for assessing resilience is index-based. Nevertheless, the resulting indices typically fail to represent resilience's multidimensional character since they frequently disregard all involved dimensions (i.e., social, economic, environmental, physical, institutional, and cultural). Furthermore, regional resilience indices are rarely externally validated in urban areas prone to flash flooding because the required data are limited and flash flooding does not occur concurrently throughout the study region...

Geodesign is an iterative process for cycling through representation, evaluation, change, impact, and decision models to forge consensus typically across disciplinary more so than geographic boundaries. Multi-scalar integration of blue, green, and human infrastructure is necessary for adapting communities to large-scale extreme flooding scenarios timely and effectively. This project explored the feasibility of using multi-scalar geodesign to converge geographic perspectives from smaller-scale units of analysis (networks of water resources regions (WRRs)) into a higher-order consensus at the continental level to facilitate adaptation pathways planning for instantaneous flooding events, including flash flooding from dam breaks, tidal surges from polar reversal, and rapid sea level rise due to extreme solar events...

Identification of the Sub1 gene for tolerance to flash flooding and its introgression into high-yielding rice cultivars are major targets in rice breeding for flood-prone rice agro-ecosystems for ensuring yield stability. However, knowledge is scant on the response of the modified genotypes under stagnant flooding (SF) to meet the challenge of finding a superior allele that may confer greater resilience to the plant under a stress-prone environment. In pursuance, we have tested the response of Sub1-introgression in two popular rice varieties, Swarna and Savitri to SF by comparing the biochemical factors in the control of flag leaf senescence and its primary production mechanisms of the parental lines' versus Sub1-introgressed lines...

To solve the problem of imperfect flash flood warning indicators in mountainous watersheds, this study proposes a conversion method of critical rainfall for different warning periods on the basis of the existing stormwater calculation formulae and applies it to typical mountainous watersheds. The specific method is to use the multiplicative power function method to interpolate and extend the early warning indicators of other time periods through the known early warning indicators of some time periods, apply them to Hengmiao Village and Gaolou Village, typical disaster prevention objects in Qufu City, Shandong Province, China, and verify the rationality of the results...

Flash floods are one of the most severe natural disasters around the world because of their rapid and unpredictable nature. It is expected that the frequency and intensity of flood events will increase because of extreme rainfall events induced by climate change. In this context, the generation of a flood susceptibility map contributes to effective flood management in a basin. The present study aims to generate a flash flood susceptibility map for the Imali Stream Basin (ISB) situated within the Mediterranean region of Turkey...