neonatal pneumonia congenital

BACKGROUND: Babies with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are discharged with the support of a home-type mechanical ventilator, after opening a tracheostomy. In addition, although rare, tracheostomy is required in the neonatal period in congenital airway malformations. Early tracheostomy is appropriate to prevent complications due to prolonged intubation. We aimed to find the appropriate time for tracheostomy by examining the tracheostomy opening and closing times, complications and demographic characteristics of the patients, who were hospitalized and underwent tracheostomy in our neonatal intensive care unit...

Introduction Lung ultrasonography (LUS) has become frequently used in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) because it is diagnostic, useful, harmless, radiation-free, and practical for bedside use due to its portability. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association between lung ultrasound (LUS) scores and diagnoses of neonates hospitalized for respiratory distress and determine the value of the combined use of laboratory and imaging methods in patient evaluation by looking at the correlation between blood gas parameters and LUS score...

BACKGROUND: Neonatal jaundice is commonly seen in term and preterm newly born babies. It could be either physiologic or secondary to multiple underlying pathologies like urinary tract infection (UTI). Our main objective was to confirm the relationship between neonatal jaundice without apparent cause like hemolysis and the presence of UTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We, retrospectively over a period extended from 2017 to 2020, included 496 babies admitted for elevated indirect hyperbilirubinemia for whom demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data were collected through a detailed questionnaire...

Lung ultrasound (LU) has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing pulmonary aeration noninvasively, rapidly, and reliably in different neonatal conditions. However, its role in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is still poorly analyzed. We present a cohort of 8 patients diagnosed with CDH who underwent lung ultrasound examinations at various time points before and after surgical correction. The lung ultrasound patterns were compared between two groups: mechanical ventilation ≤ 7 days (MV ≤ 7) and mechanical ventilation > 7 days (MV > 7)...

BACKGROUND: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia beyond the neonatal period is not uncommon. Its diagnosis in infancy and early childhood poses a challenge owing to different clinical presentation ranging from gastrointestinal to respiratory symptoms. These neonates are usually misdiagnosed as having pneumonia until radiological imaging picks up the defect during routine scan for worsening respiratory symptoms. In high-income countries, the survival rate for these patients has been reported to be high, while in Sub-Saharan Africa the survival rate is still low due to delayed diagnosis, delayed referral, and hence delayed management...

A male neonate was born at 34 weeks due to spontaneous labor with associated fetal distress and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. The neonate presented with septic shock and congenital pneumonia shortly after birth and later neurological symptoms. Listeria monocytogenes was identified in blood samples, but with negative urine and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The neonate required assisted ventilation for a period of 10 days and received high-dose and long-term antibiotic therapy. Despite the fact that the mother denied an infectious risk for listeriosis infection, she developed mild respiratory symptoms...

Patent ductus arteriosus beyond the early neonatal period presents with failure to thrive, congestive cardiac failure, and recurrent pneumonia which is similar to the presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Both clinical conditions can coexist with significant adverse outcomes if not properly treated. This is a case of a 9-month-old female who had a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). She had a surgical ligation of the PDA, and postoperative recovery was stalled by pulmonary tuberculosis which was initially missed as her post-operative symptoms were thought to have been from a post-op complication...

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause invasive infections with significant mortality in neonates. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of invasive MRSA infections and determine risk factors associated with invasive MRSA infections in newborn inpatients. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study of inpatients from eleven hospitals in the Infectious Diseases Surveillance of Pediatrics (ISPED) group of China was performed over a two-year period (2018-2019)...

BACKGROUND: Limited literature was available on the pattern and determinants of mortality among inborn neonates in comparison to the out born ones. The study's goal was to investigate the patterns and risk factors for mortality among hospitalised, on-ventilator inborn and out born neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was an unmatched, case-control, pilot study conducted between January and December 2020 using information retrieved from the medical records of patients attending the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary healthcare facility, namely Narayan Medical College & Hospital, situated in eastern India...

BACKGROUND: Esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus. This anomaly continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, presenting various concerns about how to treat esophageal atresia. Esophageal atresia-related neonatal mortality can be reduced by evaluating the surgical outcome and identifying associated factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the surgical outcome and identify predictors of neonates with esophageal atresia admitted at Tikur Anbesa specialized hospital...

Infectious diseases such as malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea and preventable neonatal diseases are common causes of death in children. Globally, neonatal mortality is 44% (2.9 million) annually, with up to 50% of babies dying within the first day of life. Pneumonia kills between 750000 and 1.2 million infants in the neonatal period each year in developing countries. Premature birth, pneumonia, and labor complications are common causes of neonatal mortality. The objective of the study is to present the general characteristics of congenital pneumonia, vitamin D deficiency and micronutrient deficiencies in premature infants...

The COVID-19 epidemic is a major public health emergency that has affected every part of society worldwide, including neonates with different clinical presentations. It is essential to differentiate between increased incidence of complications related to this infection rather than an underlying congenital etiology. We report a rare case with atypical lung cystic lesions, diagnosed initially as congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) with management controversy but which turned out to be a COVID-19 viral pneumonia complication...

Background: Empiric antibiotics are often prescribed in critically ill and preterm neonates at birth until sepsis can be ruled out. Although the current guideline suggests narrow-spectrum antibiotics, an upgrade in antibiotics is common in the neonatal intensive care unit. The impacts of initial broad-spectrum antibiotics on the outcomes of critically ill neonates with respiratory failure requiring mechanical intubation have not been well studied. Methods: A total of 1162 neonates from a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Taiwan who were on mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress/failure at birth were enrolled, and neonates receiving ampicillin plus cefotaxime were compared with those receiving ampicillin plus gentamicin...

BACKGROUND: Congenital lung disorders encompass a spectrum of several conditions, one of which is lung hypoplasia. While hypoplasia is typically identified and intervened upon in the neonatal period, some patients can remain asymptomatic or even be diagnosed as adults. Given the rarity of the condition persisting in adults though, it is not clear what medical or surgical interventions may be helpful if respiratory status declines. CASE DESCRIPTION: In this report, we describe an elderly man with a history of right lung hypoplasia, pulmonary artery agenesis, and bronchial atresia who developed progressive dyspnea and worsening cough...

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of the pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) is a rare congenital diffuse lung disorder, with a fatal course during the neonatal period. We describe an 18-month-old boy who presented with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia and pulmonary hypertensive crisis requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Exome sequencing revealed a FOXF1 frameshift variant, NM_001451.2:c.995_998delACTC, inherited from his asymptomatic mother. Genetic findings were compatible with histopathology findings from a lung biopsy...

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become one of the most exciting applications in neonatal point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), yet still lacks routine clinical use. This study assesses the utility of LUS for neonatal respiratory disorders (NRDs) diagnosis and follow-up compared to chest X-ray (CXR). A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 neonates having NRDs with a gestational age ≥28 weeks, excluding those having multiple congenital anomalies, chromosomal aberrations, hydrops fetalis and/or heart failure...

Early-onset neonatal infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs rarely but has a high mortality rate. Due to the low detection rate of S. pneumoniae in maternal vaginal cultures, administering prophylactic antibiotics for S. pneumoniae to mothers before delivery is challenging. Herein, we present the case of a male newborn who was born at 38 weeks of gestation. The vaginal cultures of his mother before delivery did not reveal the presence of group B streptococcus (GBS) and S. pneumoniae . The newborn experienced respiratory distress six hours after birth and was diagnosed with congenital pneumonia...

OBJECTIVES: We studied neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS, sepsis developing in the first 72 hours after delivery) in Malawi to (1) describe clinical characteristics and microbiological findings, (2) identify which patient characteristics may be associated with pathogen positivity on blood culture, and (3) describe mortality and its potential determinants. DESIGN: Prospective observational study (May 2018-June 2019). SETTING: Neonatal ward in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, the largest government hospital in Malawi...

Neonatal infections are responsible for 20% of neonatal deaths yearly. In this review, we focused on the origins of the commoner neonatal infections, and we define the role of obstetricians. Regarding group B Streptococcus , a key measure for the prevention of neonatal infection is the vaginal-rectal culture screening at term pregnancy. Intravenous penicillin is the first-line prophylaxis at the start of labor, with intravenous ampicillin as an alternative. First-generation cephalosporins or clindamycin are recommended in case of penicillin allergy...

We present a case of a male neonate with refractory and persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia not responding to octreotide. On evaluation for hypoglycaemia, his cortisol was within the reference range while the serum insulin concentrations were high. Gallium-68 dotatate scan (GA-68 DOTA) showed diffuse pancreatic involvement. Genetic diagnosis of congenital hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia due to KCNJ11 mutation was made. He was started on tablet sirolimus, after which the child was off all other medication and was euglycaemic...