satiation

The effects of dietary Lagnaria breviflora leaves extract (LBLE) on the growth performance, feed utilisation and haematological parameters of juveniles African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (mean = 8.45 ± 0.6 g) raised in a flow water (mean temperature 26.7°C, mean pH 7.52, mean dissolved oxygen 6.05 mg/L) were assessed in this study. Diets (400 g/kg crude protein; 4631.5 kcal/kg gross energy) supplemented with LBLE at levels of 0 (control), 0...

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors...

Lard (LD) and Basa fish offal oil (BFO) have similar fatty acid profiles, both containing high contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of partial or complete replacement of marine fish oil (MFO, herring oil) by LD or BFO in the diets of tiger puffer. The control diet contained 49.1% crude protein and 9.28% crude lipid content including 6% added MFO. In other diets, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of the added MFO was replaced by LD or BFO, respectively...

The physical characteristics of chyme during gastrointestinal digestion are considered to significantly affect nutrient digestion and absorption (such as glucose diffusion), which has an impact on postprandial satiety. The present study aims to analyze the hydration rate (HR) and rheological properties of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) at different degrees and then explore their effects on rice texture, digestive properties, and the subjects' post-meal appetite. The present results show that, as the deacetylation degree (DD) of KGM increased, the intersection point of the viscoelastic modulus shifted to a high shear rate frequency, and as the swelling time of the DKGM was prolonged, its HR decreased significantly...

The brain bidirectionally communicates with the gut to control food intake and energy balance, which becomes dysregulated in obesity. For example, endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in the small-intestinal epithelium (SI) is upregulated in diet-induced obese mice (DIO) and promotes overeating by a mechanism that includes inhibiting gut-brain satiation signaling. Upstream neural and molecular mechanism(s) involved in overproduction of orexigenic gut eCBs in DIO, however, are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that overactive parasympathetic signaling at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the SI increases biosynthesis of the eCB, 2-arachidonoyl- sn -glycerol (2-AG), which drives hyperphagi-a via local CB1 Rs in DIO...

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is considered as an important risk factor for the development of overweight and obesity in populations worldwide, with a particular focus on the risks in the younger parts of the population - children and adolescents. Together with fiscal measures and information tools, innovation-based approaches such as the development of sugar-free or sugar-reduced versions of established beverages and development of new beverage products have been used to reduce this challenge, but the effects of product innovation on sugar intake are not well understood from the literature, as previous studies have largely ignored substitution effects of product innovation in the beverage domain...

Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about the potential increase in age-related diseases and their impact on our ability to provide adequate health and end-of-life care. To apply appropriate interventions, understanding the changes that happen with ageing becomes essential. Ageing is often accompanied by a decrease in appetite and physical activity, which may lead to malnutrition, resulting in decreased muscle mass, physical capabilities, and independence...

Amylin, a pancreatic hormone, is well-established to suppress feeding by enhancing satiation. Pramlintide, an amylin analog that is FDA-approved for the treatment of diabetes, has also been shown to produce hypophagia. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the ability of pramlintide to suppress feeding are unresolved. We hypothesized that systemic pramlintide administration in rats would reduce energy intake, specifically by reducing meal size. Male rats were given b.i.d. administration of intraperitoneal pramlintide or vehicle for 1 week, and chow intake, meal patterns, and body weight were monitored throughout the test period...

Sugar consumption is known to be associated with a whole range of adverse health effects, including overweight status and type II diabetes mellitus. In 2015, the World Health Organization issued a guideline recommending the reduction of sugar intake. In this context, alternative sweeteners have gained interest as sugar substitutes to achieve this goal without loss of the sweet taste. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature and establish a reference tool for selected conventional sweeteners (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and alternative sweeteners (sucralose, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose), specifically focusing on their important metabolic effects...

Dietary incorporation of an attractive feed protein source is a practical method of enhancing feed intake and consequently improving the growth of fish. The attractiveness of 18 crude protein sources to juvenile red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) and the effects of the dietary inclusion of the crude protein source that exhibited the strongest attractiveness on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency were determined. Jack mackerel meal (JMM) showed the strongest attractiveness to red sea bream among 18 crude protein ingredients...

The effect of substituting fish meal (FM) by tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth and feed availability of red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) was investigated. Six experimental diets were crested to be isonitrogenous (51.5%) and isolipidic (14.5%). The control (Con) diet contained 55% FM. FM substitution in the Con diet was made in increments of 20 percentage points (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), named as the TBM20, TBM40, TBM60, TBM80, and TBM100 diets, respectively. Juvenile red sea bream were stocked into 18, 300 L flow-through tanks (50 fish/tank)...

Drinking alcoholic beverages stimulates food intake and contributes to the passive overconsumption of dietary energy. As protein is the most satiating of all the macronutrients, increased levels in snacks taken with alcohol have the potential to minimize excess energy consumption. We hypothesized that swapping consumption from retail-available standard protein (SP) snacks to higher protein (HP) snack foods would increase satiety and reduce acute food energy intake in social drinkers. A randomized single-blind crossover trial with 19 healthy participants aged 19-31 years was conducted...

Fluid satiation is an important signal and aspect of body fluid homeostasis. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons (OxtrPBN ) in the dorsolateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (dl LPBN) are key neurons which regulate fluid satiation. In the present study, we investigated brain regions activated by stimulation of OxtrPBN neurons in order to better characterise the fluid satiation neurocircuitry in mice. Chemogenetic activation of OxtrPBN neurons increased Fos expression (a proxy marker for neuronal activation) in known fluid-regulating brain nuclei, as well as other regions that have unclear links to fluid regulation and which are likely involved in regulating other functions such as arousal and stress relief...

Hypothalamic obesity (HO) is a rare and complex disorder that confers substantial morbidity and excess mortality. HO is a unique subtype of obesity characterized by impairment in the key brain pathways that regulate energy intake and expenditure, autonomic nervous system function, and peripheral hormonal signalling. HO often occurs in the context of hypothalamic syndrome, a constellation of symptoms that follow from disruption of hypothalamic functions, for example, temperature regulation, sleep-wake circadian control, and energy balance...

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Diet directly affects glucose metabolism, and eating behavior is influenced by various daily life stressors. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between common psychosomatic stressors on endocrine hormones and eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes. Resting hormone blood sampling and four self-reported questionnaires were employed...

BACKGROUND: Obesity originates from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Changes in energy intake components (satiation, postprandial satiety, emotional eating) and energy expenditure have been linked to obesity and are referred to as obesity phenotypes. We aim to study if these obesity phenotypes have a cumulative effect on body weight and body mass index (BMI). SUBJECT/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of adult patients with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 ) who completed the validated tests to measure the obesity phenotypes...

Seed masting, a reproductive strategy characterized by variable and synchronous investment in reproduction among years, has attracted much attention. Masting trees incur a cost in delayed reproduction, and thus masting requires an ecological or evolutionary explanation. The two broad causal mechanisms to explain seed masting are resource availability and economies of scale (EOS); the former assumes reproductive investment simply covaries with environment, the latter suggests an adaptive advantage. Two of the most commonly proposed EOS for masting are predator satiation and pollination efficiency...

Addiction poses significant social, health, and criminal issues. Its moderate heritability and early-life impact, affecting reproductive success, poses an evolutionary paradox: why are humans predisposed to addictive behaviours? This paper reviews biological and psychological mechanisms of substance and behavioural addictions, exploring evolutionary explanations for the origin and function of relevant systems. Ancestrally, addiction-related systems promoted fitness through reward-seeking, and possibly self-medication...

In today's fast-paced world, people increasingly rely on a variety of processed foods due to their busy lifestyles. The enhanced flavors, vibrant colors, and ease of accessibility at reasonable prices have made ready-to-eat foods the easiest and simplest choice to satiate hunger, especially those that undergo thermal processing. However, these foods often contain an unsaturated amide called 'Acrylamide', known by its chemical name 2-propenamide, which is a contaminant formed when a carbohydrate- or protein-rich food product is thermally processed at more than 120 °C through methods like frying, baking, or roasting...

Calorie content and hunger are two fundamental cues acting upon the processing of visually presented food items. However, whether and to which extent they affect visual awareness is still an open question. Here, high- and low-calorie food images administered to hungry or satiated participants were confronted in a breaking-Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm (Experiment 1), measuring the time required to access to visual awareness, and in a Binocular Rivalry paradigm (Experiment 2), quantifying the dominance time in visual awareness...