Ophthalmological

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and contrast the contrast sensitivity defects present in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. And to find out the association of contrast deterioration with the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye, the magnitude of strabismus, and the amount of anisometropia in both groups. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the orthoptics unit of a tertiary eye care facility between October 2021 and December 2021. There were 45 patients altogether...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. It has a wide range of manifestations and commonly affects the visual system. Many patients with MS report decreased vision, diplopia, nystagmus, and abnormal ocular motility. Nevertheless, bilateral horizontal gaze palsies are exceptionally rarely seen. We present the case of a 24-year-old female who came to our pediatric ophthalmology clinic complaining of bilateral horizontal gaze palsy, photophobia, and eye pain for 2 days...

Immunotherapy has renovated the field of oncology. Usually, cancer is treated by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment that harnesses the patient's own immune system to target cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have proven to be a promising treatment avenue for managing cancer; however, their use had been associated with a unique spectrum of adverse side effects called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). As ICIs become increasingly relevant in cancer management, it is crucial to address these irAEs affecting various systems in the body, including the skin, liver, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, and the eye...

Monoclonal antibody therapies mark the new era of targeted treatment for relapse prevention in aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG+NMOSD). For over a decade, rituximab, an anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting agent, had been the most effectiveness treatment for AQP4-IgG+NMOSD. Tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor, was also observed to be effective. In 2019, several randomized, placebo-controlled trials were completed that demonstrated the remarkable efficacy of eculizumab (anti-C5 complement inhibitor), inebilizumab (anti-CD19 B-cell-depleting agent), and satralizumab (anti-interleukin-6 receptor), leading to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of specific treatments for AQP4-IgG+NMOSD for the first time...

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) may happen following percutaneous coronary intervention and angiography. However, no reports of INO during radial artery angioplasty were reported yet. We report a rare case in a 47-year-old man presenting with diplopia after radial artery angioplasty. Although the symptoms were resolved after 60 days, diagnosing this obstacle is necessary to reduce the patient and physician's anxiety.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory condition involving the periocular and orbital soft tissues, affecting most commonly patients with hyperthyroid disorders. Traditional treatments used for the active phase of the disease range from conservative lubrication for mild symptoms to systemic immunomodulating drugs for moderate-to-severe symptoms. Teprotumumab (Tepezza) is a monoclonal antibody with an inhibitory effect on insulin-like growth factor 1 and is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved targeted medical therapy for reducing the inflammatory signs and symptoms associated with TED...

Neuro-ophthalmologic diseases include a broad range of disorders affecting the afferent and efferent visual pathways. Recently, monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have emerged as a promising targeted approach in the management of several of these complex conditions. Here, we describe the mechanism-specific applications and advancements in neuro-ophthalmologic mAb therapies. The application of mAbs in neuro-ophthalmologic diseases highlights our increasing understanding of disease-specific mechanisms in autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica, thyroid eye disease, and myasthenia gravis...

Different types of ophthalmological defects have been reported to be accompanying vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac malformations, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies (VACTERL) association. A 7-year-old girl with a history of VACTERL association presented with upward drifting of the left eye and anomalous head posture to the right side and was diagnosed with congenital fourth nerve palsy. We report the first case representing a combination of congenital fourth nerve palsy with VACTERL association...

PURPOSE: The variations in the diameter of the optic nerve (ON) are important clinically in the diagnosis of conditions associated with the ON such as raised intracranial pressure, meningioma, optic neuritis, and Grave's orbitopathy. This study determined the normal diameters of the ON in adult Nigerians seen in a Hospital in Delta State. METHODS: Axial T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging images of 150 patients (75 males and 75 females) aged ≥20 years were retrieved from the hospital's radiological database and retrospectively used to evaluate the diameter of the ON on axial and coronal sections...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical profile of amblyopia among patients referred to a tertiary care facility in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: All patients between 1 and 14 years presenting to the amblyopia clinic from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Amblyopia was defined as visual acuity <0.2 LogMAR (20/30) in the worse eye or two-line difference between the two eyes. We classified patients into strabismic, refractive, mixed strabismic, and refractive and deprivation amblyopia...

Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS) is a rare disease characterized by choroidal thickening around the optic disc. Visual acuity might be impaired secondary to the associated peripapillary intraretinal and/or subretinal fluids. We reported a case of a 70-year-old male patient who presented with a gradual bilateral decrease in vision. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/60 in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. Dilated fundus examination showed yellowish peripapillary lesions and intraretinal fluid (IRF) surrounding the optic disc in both eyes...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody against complement C5, is a novel therapy to treat refractory myasthenia gravis (MG). The present review was undertaken to study the role of eculizumab in MG. This includes the drug's mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial findings, tolerability, side effects, safety, dosage, administration, and cost. An English-language search for relevant items was undertaken using Embase and PubMed from 1946 to present. Clinical trial registries/databases and websites were also searched for relevant data...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the visual response of methanol-induced optic neuropathy to management with erythropoietin (EPO) along with conventional therapy. METHODS: This retrospective case series examines the ophthalmological data of patients diagnosed with methanol-induced optic neuropathy between 2020 and 2021 at two centers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients' characteristics and the results of initial and final ophthalmological examinations were documented and compared between patients who received EPO in addition to conventional management and those who received only conventional management...

This case series describes the aggregate rate of recovery in five consecutive subjects (six eyes) with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) who received l-methylfolate and other vitamins via Ocufolin® , a medical food. Subjects were followed for 10-33 months by a single ophthalmologist. Ocufolin® was prescribed at the time of diagnosis and subjects remained on the regimen throughout the time of observation. Examinations were performed in an un-masked fashion at 3-month intervals with recording of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), average retinal nerve fiber layer (ARNFL) and central macular thickness (CMT), and fundus (examination of the retina, macula, optic nerve, and vessels) photography...

INTRODUCTION: Retinal folds (RFs) may develop following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair, though it consists an uncommon complication. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present a case of late-onset postoperative outer RFs with aggravating characteristics following vitrectomy with silicone oil (SO) tamponade for RRD repair; early clinical findings, complications, anatomical and functional status during a 12-month follow-up period are described. Retinal imaging by acquiring optical coherence tomography scans and angiograms indicates detailed morphological and angiographic characteristics of the evolution of RFs over time...

A safety evaluation was performed of Symbiota®, which is made by a proprietary anaerobic fermentation process of soybean with multistrains of probiotics and a yeast. The battery of genotoxicity studies showed that Symbiota® has no genotoxic effects. Safety and tolerability were further assessed by acute or repeated dose 28- and 90-day rodent studies, and no alterations in clinical observations, ophthalmological examination, blood chemistry, urinalysis, or hematology were observed between the control group and the different dosing groups (1...