research on mechanisms

With National Aeronautics and Space Administration's plans for longer distance, longer duration spaceflights such as missions to Mars and the surge in popularity of space tourism, the need to better understand the effects of spaceflight on the musculoskeletal system has never been more present. However, there is a paucity of information on how spaceflight affects orthopaedic health. This review surveys existing literature and discusses the effect of spaceflight on each aspect of the musculoskeletal system. Spaceflight reduces bone mineral density at rapid rates because of multiple mechanisms...

PURPOSE: Immune-related cutaneous adverse events (ircAEs) occur in ≥50% of patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPI), but mechanisms are poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Phenotyping/biomarker analyses were conducted in 200 patients on CPIs (139 with ircAEs, 61 without, control) to characterize their clinical presentation and immunologic endotypes. Cytokines were evaluated in skin biopsies, skin tape strip (STS) extracts and plasma using real-time PCR and Meso Scale Discovery multiplex cytokine assays...

The increasing use of political activist arguments and reasoning in scientific communication about diversity is criticized. Based on an article of Roberts et al. (2020) on "racial inequality in psychological research," three hallmarks of the intrusion of activist thinking into science are described: blindness to the multidimensional nature of diversity, the failure to distinguish psychological mechanisms from the impact of moderators, and a blindness to agency as an explanation for psychological observations...

INTRODUCTION: Burns are tissue traumas caused by energy transfer and occur with a variable inflammatory response. The consequences of burns represent a public health problem worldwide. Inhalation injury (II) is a severity factor when associated with burn, leading to a worse prognosis. Its treatment is complex and often involves invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The primary purpose of this study will be to assess the evidence regarding the frequency and mortality of II in burn patients...

In industrial production processes, the mechanical properties of materials will directly determine the stability and consistency of product quality. However, detecting the current mechanical property is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the material quality cannot be controlled in time. To achieve high-quality steel materials, developing a novel intelligent manufacturing technology that can satisfy multitask predictions for material properties has become a new research trend. This article proposes a multiobjective evolutionary learning method based on a two-stage model with topological sparse autoencoder (TSAE) and ensemble learning...

Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, is gaining attention for its impact on the brain. While existing electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance image research has made significant contributions, this paper utilizes stereo-electroencephalography data for a comprehensive exploration of neurophysiological effects. Employing a multi-scale approach, channel-level analysis reveals notable $\delta $-band activity changes during acupuncture. At the brain region level, acupuncture modulated connectivity between the paracentral lobule and the precentral gyrus...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of "cross-market" hospital mergers on prices and quality and the extent to which serial acquisitions contribute to any measured effects. DATA SOURCES: 2009-2017 commercial claims from the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI) and quality measures from Hospital Compare. STUDY DESIGN: Event study models in which the treated group consisted of hospitals that acquired hospitals further than 50 miles, and the control group was hospitals that were not part of any merger activity (as a target or acquirer) during the study period...

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia, a common complication after stroke, significantly hampers the recovery process of patients, both due to dysphagia itself and the additional complications it causes. Although a large number of articles have been published on post-stroke dysphagia (PSD), bibliometric analysis in this field is still lacking. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research hotspots and trends in PSD, thereby guiding future research efforts. METHODS: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for articles related to PSD from 2003 to 2022...

BACKGROUND: Improving access to mental health data to accelerate research and improve mental health outcomes is a potentially achievable goal given the substantial data that can now be collected from mobile devices. Smartphones can provide a useful mechanism for collecting mental health data from young people, especially as their use is relatively ubiquitous in high-resource settings such as the United Kingdom and they have a high capacity to collect active and passive data. This raises the interesting opportunity to establish a large bank of mental health data from young people that could be accessed by researchers worldwide, but it is important to clarify how to ensure that this is done in an appropriate manner aligned with the values of young people...

ConspectusElectrical neuromodulation has achieved significant translational advancements, including the development of deep brain stimulators for managing neural disorders and vagus nerve stimulators for seizure treatment. Optoelectronics, in contrast to wired electrical systems, offers the leadless feature that guides multisite and high spatiotemporal neural system targeting, ensuring high specificity and precision in translational therapies known as "photoelectroceuticals". This Account provides a concise overview of developments in novel optoelectronic nanomaterials that are engineered through innovative molecular, chemical, and nanostructure designs to facilitate neural interfacing with high efficiency and minimally invasive implantation...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastrointestinal mucositis (GIM) is a significant complication of cancer therapy. Whilst inflammation is a central feature of GIM, studies attempting to mitigate mucosal damage via this mechanism are scarce. This review describes the relation between GIM, local and systemic inflammation, and the microbiome and its metabolites, and explores recent research on therapeutics that target this relationship. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent literature underscores the pivotal role of inflammation in GIM, elucidating its bidirectional relation with disturbance of the gut microbiota composition and intestinal permeability...

Problem gambling has been recognised as an important public health issue because of its harmful consequences at the personal, interpersonal, and societal levels. There is a proliferation of gambling activities in Ghana owing to increased access to the internet, soaring smartphone penetration, and an influx of sports betting companies. Yet, very little research has addressed the harm associated with problem gambling in Ghana. This study assessed if the effect of problem gambling severity on suicidal behaviours (ideation, planning, and attempts) through psychological distress is contingent on the level of perceived social support...

There are numerous effective procedures for cell signaling, in which humans directly transmit detectable signals to cells to govern their essential behaviors. From a biomedical perspective, the cellular response to the combined influence of electrical and magnetic fields holds significant promise in various domains, such as cancer treatment, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and wound healing. Among these modern cell signaling methods, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) play a pivotal role; however, there remains a paucity of knowledge concerning the effects of EMFs across all wavelengths...

Notch pathway is a widely observed signaling system that holds pivotal functions in regulating various developmental cellular functions and operations. The Notch signaling mechanism is crucial for lung homeostasis, damage, and restoration. Based on increasing evidence, the Notch pathway has been identified, as critical for fibrosis and subsequently, the development of chronic fibroproliferative conditions in various organs and tissues. Recent research indicates that deregulation of Notch signaling correlates with the pathogenesis of significant pulmonary conditions, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung carcinoma, and pulmonary abnormalities in some hereditary disorders...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tafamidis is currently the only approved disease-modifying treatment for ATTR-CM. However, there have been important developments in the treatment of ATTR-CM, as the results of two phase 3 trials were published and several other trials are in their final stages. In this review, we summarize current and future therapies for ATTR-CM. RECENT FINDINGS: Recently, acoramidis, a TTR stabilizer has been proven to be effective in reducing mortality and morbidity compared to placebo in the ATTRibute-CM trial...

Plant-derived immunomodulators and antitumor factors have appealed lots of attention from natural product scientists for their efficiency and safety and their important contribution to well-designed targeted drug action and delivery mechanisms. Zerumbone (ZER), the chief component of Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes, has been examined for its wide-spectrum in the treatment of multi-targeted diseases. The rhizomes have been used as food flavoring agents in numerous cuisines and in flora medication. Numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments have prepared confirmation of ZER as a potent immunomodulator as well as a potential anti-tumor agent...

The role of monocytes in postmenopausal osteoporosis is widely recognized; however, the mechanisms underlying monocyte reprogramming remain unknown. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted on CD14+ bone marrow monocytes obtained from three postmenopausal women with normal bone mineral density (BMD) and three women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). Monocle2 was used to classify the monocytes into 7 distinct clusters. The proportion of Cluster 1 significantly decreased in PMOP patients, while the proportion of Cluster 7 increased...

High-throughput cell-based bioassays are used for chemical screening and risk assessment. Chemical transformation processes caused by abiotic degradation or metabolization can reduce the chemical concentration or, in some cases, lead to the formation of more toxic transformation products. Unaccounted loss processes may falsify the bioassay results. Capturing the formation and effects of transformation products is important for relating the in vitro effects to in vivo. Reporter gene cell lines are believed to have low metabolic activity, but inducibility of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes has been reported...

Tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an indispensable role in tumour progression, and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in TIME. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) can avoid the influence of tumour apoptosis resistance on anti-tumour immune response. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis mediate the crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells in TIME, thus reprogram TIME and affect the progress of tumour. In addition, although some achievements have been made in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is still defect that ICIs are only effective for some people because non-apoptotic RCD can bypass the apoptosis resistance of tumour...

Biomass reburning is an efficient and low-cost way to control nitric oxide (NO), and the abundant potassium (K) element in biomass affects the heterogeneous reaction between NO and biochar. Due to the incomplete simulation of the NO heterogeneous reduction reaction pathway at the molecular level and the unclear catalytic effect of K element in biochar, further research is needed on the possible next reaction and the influencing mechanism of the element. After the products of the existing reaction pathways are referenced, two reasonably simplified biochar structural models are selected as the basic reactants to study the microscopic mechanism for further NO heterogeneous reduction on the biochar surface before and after doping with the K atom based on density functional theory...