simulation and delivery

In transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) patches, achieving prolonged adhesion, high drug loading, and rapid drug release simultaneously presented a significant challenge. In this study, a PHT-SP-Cu2+ adhesive was synthesized using polyethylene glycol (PEG), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and silk protein (SP) as functional monomers which were combined with Cu2+ to improve the adhesion, drug loading, and drug release of the patch. The structure of the adhesion chains and the formation of Cu2+ -p-π conjugated network in PHT-SP-Cu2+ were characterized and elucidated using different characterization methods including FT-IR, 13 C NMR, XPS, SEM imaging and thermodynamic evaluation...

Upadacitinib, classified as a highly soluble drug, is commercially marketed as RINVOQ®, an modified-release formulation incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a matrix system to target extended release throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Our study aimed to explore how drug release will occur throughout the GI tract using a plethora of in vitro and in silico tools. We built a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in GastroPlus™ to predict the systemic concentrations of the drug when administered using in vitro dissolution profiles as input to drive luminal dissolution...

A series of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out with a hydrated 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayer with the variation of glucose concentrations from 0 to 30 wt % in the presence of 0.3 M NaCl. The study suggested that although the thickness of the lipid bilayer dropped significantly with the increase in glucose concentration, it expanded laterally at high glucose levels due to the intercalation of glucose between the headgroups of adjacent lipids. We adopted the surface assessment via the grid evaluation method to compute the deviation of the bilayer's key structural features for the different amounts of glucose present...

BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia threatens cognitive function and driving safety. Previous research investigated in-vehicle voice assistants as hypoglycemia warnings. However, they could startle drivers. To address this, we combine voice warnings with ambient LEDs. OBJECTIVE: The study assesses the effect of in-vehicle multimodal warning on emotional reaction and technology acceptance among drivers with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Two studies were conducted, one in simulated driving and the other in real-world driving...

Vaginal childbirth is the final phase of pregnancy when one or more fetuses pass through the birth canal from the uterus, and it is a biomechanical process. The uterine active contraction, causing the pushing force on the fetus, plays a vital role in regulating the fetus delivery process. In this project, the active contraction behaviors of muscle tissue were first modeled and investigated. After that, a Finite Element Method (FEM) model to simulate the uterine cyclic active contraction and delivery of a fetus was developed in LS-DYNA...

OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in civilian trauma centers and on the battlefield. One of the emerging treatment options for hemorrhage in austere environments is tranexamic acid (TXA). However, the landscape is not amenable to the current delivery standard. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of TXA via a standard 10-minute intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intravenous rapid push over 10 s (IV push), and intramuscular injection (IM) in a swine polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock model (trauma group) compared to uninjured controls (control group)...

Biological photo-responsive ion channels play important roles in the important metabolic processes of living beings. To mimic the unique functions of biological prototypes, the transition metal dichalcogenides, owing to their excellent mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, are already used for artificial intelligent channel constructions. However, there remain challenges to building artificial bio-semiconductor nanochannels with finely tuned band gaps for accurately simulating or regulating ion transport...

The dense storm microenvironment formed by an excessively cross-linked extracellular matrix, such as hyaluronic acid and collagens, serves as a major barrier that prevents drugs from reaching the deeper tumor. Current traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures are not capable of modeling this drug delivery barrier in vitro. Thus, tumor spheroids have become increasingly important in cancer research due to their three-dimensional structure. Currently, various methods have been developed to construct tumor spheroids...

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are essential carrier particles in drug delivery systems, particularly in ribonucleic acid delivery. In preparing lipid-based nanoparticles, microfluidic-based ethanol injection may produce precisely size-controlled nanoparticles. Ethanol is critical in LNP formation and post-treatment processes and affects liposome size, structure, lamellarity, and drug-loading efficiency. However, the effects of time-dependent changes in the ethanol concentration on the structural dynamics of liposomes are not clearly understood...

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a business case analysis for Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) program STRIDE (ASsisTed EaRly MobIlization for hospitalizeD older VEterans), which was designed to address immobility for hospitalized older adults. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: This was a secondary analysis of primary data from a VA 8-hospital implementation trial conducted by the Function and Independence Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI). In partnership with VA operational partners, we estimated resources needed for program delivery in and out of the VA as well as national implementation facilitation in the VA...

Curcumin was widely designed as nanoparticles to remove application restrictions. The occurrence of flocculation is a primary factor limiting the application of the curcumin nano-delivery system. To enhance the environmental stress resistance and functional properties of shellac-curcumin nanoparticles (S-Cur-NPs), γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) was utilized as an anti-flocculant. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of S-Cur-NPs were also improved with γ-PGA incorporation. FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the presence of amorphous characteristics in S-Cur-NPs and the combination of γ-PGA and shellac was driven by hydrogen bonding...

The current state of drug delivery systems allows for the resolution of specific issues like inadequate solubility, limited targeting capabilities, and complex preparation processes, requiring tailored designs for different drugs. Yet, the major challenge in clinical application lies in surmounting these obstacles with a universal carrier that is effective for a variety of anticancer drugs. Herein, with the help of computer simulation, we rationally design ultrashort peptides GY and CCYRGD, which can co-assemble with hydrophobic anticancer drugs into nanoparticles with enhanced solubility, targeting ability and anticancer efficacy...

BACKGROUND: A laser-induced needle-free microjet injector was developed for rapid, high-speed drug delivery of microliters into the skin. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the clinical rejuvenation effect of repeated dermal injections of the collagen simulator poly-dl-lactic acid (PDLA) using a laser-induced needle-free microjet injector. METHODS: Five PDLA injection sessions using a laser-induced needle-free microjet injector were conducted in patients concerned about aging skin...

We aimed to perform a comprehensive study on the development and characterization of silymarin (Syl)-loaded niosomes as potential drug delivery systems. The results demonstrate significant novelty and promising outcomes in terms of morphology, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release behavior, free energy profiles of Syl across the niosome bilayer, hydrogen bonding interactions, antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, and in vivo evaluations. The physical appearance, size, and morphology assessment of free niosomes and Syl-loaded niosomes indicated stable and well-formed vesicular structures suitable for drug delivery...

Wrong dose calculation medication errors are widespread in pediatric patients mainly due to weight-based dosing. PediPain app is a clinical decision support tool that provides weight- and age- based dosages for various analgesics. We hypothesized that the use of a clinical decision support tool, the PediPain app versus pocket calculators for calculating pain medication dosages in children reduces the incidence of wrong dosage calculations and shortens the time taken for calculations. The study was a randomised controlled trial comparing the PediPain app vs...

The limitations of conventional therapeutic treatments prevailed in the development of nanotechnology-based medical formulations, termed nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is an advanced medicine that often consists of therapeutic agent(s) embedded in biodegradable or biocompatible nanomaterial-based formulations. Among nanomedicine approaches, tablet (oral) nanomedicine is still under development. In tabletized nanomedicine, the dynamic interplay between nanoformulations and the intricate milieu of the gastrointestinal tract simulates a pivotal role, particularly accentuating the influence exerted upon the luminal, mucosal, and epithelial cells...

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative Irradiation Therapy (IORT) refers to the delivery of radiation during surgery and needs the computed- thickness of the target as one of the most significant factors. OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to compute target thickness and design a radiation pattern distributing the irradiation uniformly throughout the target. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the experimental setup in this simulation study...

INTRODUCTION: Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Differences in mechanism, injury pattern, severity, and physiology in this population distinguish pediatric trauma patients from adults. Educational techniques including simulation and didactics may improve pediatric readiness in this setting. We summarize the literature across disciplines, highlighting the curricular approaches, target provider population, educational content, content delivery method, and Kirkpatrick level for pediatric trauma resuscitation education...

Mathematical models, which describe effects of partial-body, two- and multiple-pulse irradiation at high total doses D and at average dose rates N from FLASH to conventional rates on the level of surviving blood lymphocytes in humans and mice, have been developed originating in the previously proposed approach. These models predict that levels of surviving blood lymphocytes in humans and mice increase with increasing the dose rate from N = D / TR (TR is the time of the blood flowing into or out of the irradiated segment of the blood circulatory system) to FLASH rates and approach an upper limiting level equal to (1- vR), where vR is the fraction of blood volume in the irradiated segment of the blood circulatory system...

Attempts to improve low absorption and rapid metabolic conversion of curcumin were made by developing curcumin-loaded bilayer nanoliposomes coated with chitosan and alginate for intestinal-specific drug delivery. A curcumin-loaded nano-liposome was prepared with optimized formulations with phosphatidylcholine, curcumin, chitosan, and alginate. The particle size of the optimized formulation was approximately 400 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was more than 99%. In the in vitro release study, curcumin release from the curcumin-loaded nanoliposome with double layers of chitosan/alginate (CNL-CH/AL) was suppressed in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1...