immune regulatory function

Actin filaments and their associated actin-binding proteins (ABPs) play key roles in plant innate immune signaling. CAP1, or cyclase-associated protein 1, is an important regulatory factor of the actin cytoskeleton-associated signaling network, and was hypothesized here to be involved in resistance against wheat stripe rust because TaCAP1 expression was up-regulated in response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Down regulation of TaCAP1 expression led to decreased resistance against Pst, in contrast to increased resistance upon TaCAP1 overexpressing, as demonstrated by the changes of phenotypes and hyphal growth...

HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals...

INTRODUCTION: Malignant ascites indicates ovarian cancer progression and predicts poor clinical outcome. Various ascites components induce an immunosuppressive crosstalk between tumor and immune cells, which is poorly understood. In our previous study, imbalanced electrolytes, particularly high sodium content in malignant ascites, have been identified as a main immunosuppressive mechanism that impaired NK and T-cell activity. METHODS: In the present study, we explored the role of high concentrations of ascites proteins and immunoglobulins on antitumoral NK effector functions...

Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is a transmembrane protein that is widely and moderately expressed on the surface of various cells and can have an essential role in mediating cell proliferation, migration, phagocytosis, apoptosis, immune homeostasis and other related responses by binding to its ligands, integrins, thrombospondin-1 and signal regulatory protein α. The poor prognosis of cancer patients is closely associated with high expression of CD47 in glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma...

UNLABELLED: The immunosuppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase, plays a key role in maintaining Treg cell function upon CD28 co-stimulation, and Ezh2 deletion in Treg cells causes autoimmunity. Here we assessed whether increased EZH2 activity in Treg cells would improve Treg cell function. Using an Ezh2 gain-of-function mutation, Ezh2 Y641F , we found that Treg cells expressing Ezh2 Y641F displayed an increased effector Treg phenotype and were poised for improved homing to organ tissues...

UNLABELLED: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have potential as a cell-based therapy to prevent or treat transplant rejection and autoimmunity. Using an HLA-A2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (A2-CAR), we previously showed that adoptive transfer of A2-CAR Tregs limited anti-HLA-A2 alloimmunity. However, it was unknown if A2-CAR Tregs could also limit immunity to autoantigens. Using a model of HLA-A2 + islet transplantation into immunodeficient non-obese diabetic mice, we investigated if A2-CAR Tregs could control diabetes induced by islet-autoreactive (BDC2...

BACKGROUND: Immunological rejection is the most common reason for corneal transplantation failure. The importance of T cells in corneal allograft rejection is well demonstrated. Recent studies highlight that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plays an immunoregulatory role in ocular diseases by enhancing the suppressive phenotype of regulatory T cells besides its other functions in neurotrophy and antiangiogenesis. METHODS: The effects of PEDF on immune rejection were examined in rat models of corneal transplantation using slit-lamp microscope observation, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot...

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to the negative regulation of the immune system, as they avoid excessive inflammation and mediate tumor development. The abundance of Tregs in tumor tissues suggests that Tregs may be eliminated or functionally inhibited to stimulate antitumor immunity. However, immunotherapy targeting Tregs has been severely hampered by autoimmune diseases due to the systemic elimination of Tregs. Recently, emerging studies have shown that metabolic regulation can specifically target tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and lipid accumulation in TME is associated with immunosuppression...

Sepsis, a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Exosomes, as mediators of intercellular communication, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis through modulating immune responses, metabolic reprogramming, coagulopathy, and organ dysfunction. This review highlights the emerging significance of exosomes in these processes. Initially, it provides an in-depth insight into exosome biogenesis and characterization, laying the groundwork for understanding their diverse and intricate functions...

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies can lead to the formation of autoimmune diseases through Fab and/or Fc-mediated interactions with host molecules as well as activated T cells. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binds at acidic pH IgG and albumin, and the mechanism for prolonging serum IgG half-life is making IgG re-entry into circulation by prompting it not to be degraded by lysosomes and back to the cell surface. Given the FcRn receptor's essential role in IgG homeostasis, one of the strategies to promote the quick degradation of endogenous IgG is to suppress the function of FcRn, which is beneficial to the treatment of IgG-driven autoimmune disorders like myasthenia gravis (MG), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), stiff person syndrome, and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)...

Platelets, anucleate blood cells derive from megakaryocytes, are involved in cardiovascular diseases and tumors. FcγRIIA, the only FcγR expressed on human platelets, is known for its role in immune-related diseases. A growing body of evidence reveals that platelet FcγRIIA is a potential target for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and is an advantageous biomarker. In this review, we describe the structure and physiological function of platelet FcγRIIA, its regulatory role in cardiovascular disease and cancer, and its potential clinical application...

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia worldwide. Catheter ablation has become a crucial treatment for AF. However, there is a possibility of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation. Our study sought to elucidate the role of lncRNA‒mRNA regulatory networks in late AF recurrence after catheter ablation. METHODS: We conducted RNA sequencing to profile the transcriptomes of 5 samples from the presence of recurrence after AF ablation (P-RAF) and 5 samples from the absence of recurrence after AF ablation (A-RAF)...

BACKGROUND: Refractoriness to surgical resection and chemotherapy makes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) a fatal cancer of the digestive system with high mortality and poor prognosis. Important function invests circRNAs with tremendous potential in biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how circRNAs contribute to the evolution of ICC. METHODS: CircRNAs in paired ICC and adjacent tissues were screened by circRNAs sequencing. To explore the impact of circRNAs on ICC development, experiments involving gain and loss of function were conducted...

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive status is prevalent in cancer patients and increases the complexity of tumor immunotherapy. It has been found that Listeria-vectored tumor vaccines had the potential ability of two-side regulatory effect on the immune response during immunotherapy. RESULTS: The results show that the combined immunotherapy with the LM∆E6E7 and LI∆E6E7, the two cervical cancer vaccine candidate strains constructed by our lab, improves the antitumor immune response and inhibits the suppressive immune response in tumor-bearing mice in vivo, confirming the two-sided regulatory ability of the immune response caused by Listeria-vectored tumor vaccines...

Childhood Sjögren's disease represents critically unmet medical needs due to a complete lack of immunological and molecular characterizations. This study presents key immune cell subsets and their interactions in the periphery in childhood Sjögren's disease. Here we show that single-cell RNA sequencing identifies the subsets of IFN gene-enriched monocytes, CD4+ T effector memory, and XCL1+ NK cells as potential key players in childhood Sjögren's disease, and especially in those with recurrent parotitis, which is the chief symptom prompting clinical visits from young children...

The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 R) is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates important physiological processes including vascular tone, bronchoconstriction, and insulin secretion. It is expressed on a wide variety of cell types, including pancreatic beta, smooth muscle, neuronal, and immune cells. Agonist binding to the M3 R is thought to initiate intracellular signaling events primarily through the heterotrimeric G protein Gq. However, reports differ on the ability of M3 R to couple to other G proteins beyond Gq...

Although several studies have reported a link between chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and atherosclerosis, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms common to both diseases from a bioinformatics perspective. Gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Data on atherosclerosis and CAG were downloaded from the GSE28829 and GSE60662 datasets, respectively. We identified the differentially expressed genes co-expressed in CAG and atherosclerosis before subsequent analyses...

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis and lipid metabolism are strongly associated, although the precise targets and regulatory mechanisms are unknown. METHODS: Osteoarthritis gene expression profiles were acquired from the GEO database, while lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) were sourced from the MigSB database. An intersection was conducted between these datasets to extract gene expression for subsequent differential analysis. Following this, functional analyses were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs)...

Helminth-derived proteins have immunomodulatory properties, influencing the host's immune response as an adaptive strategy for helminth survival. Helminth-derived proteins modulate the immune response by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting regulatory T-cell development, and ultimately favouring a Th2-biased immune response. This systematic review focused on helminth-derived proteins and explored their impact on reducing inflammatory responses in mouse models of colitis. A systematic search across Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified fourteen relevant studies...

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) contribute significantly to the initiation, progression, and prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD). Additionally, HDACs regulate the tumor microenvironment, immune escape, and tumor stem cells, and are closely linked to COAD prognosis. We developed a prognostic model for COAD that incorporates HDACs to evaluate their specific roles. The COAD dataset containing clinical and mutation data was collected using the TCGA and GEO databases to obtain genes associated with HDAC. LASSO analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to determine the presence of prognostic genes...