Zolpidem

Sleep-wake scoring is a time-consuming, tedious but essential component of clinical and preclinical sleep research. Sleep scoring is even more laborious and challenging in rodents due to the smaller EEG amplitude differences between states and the rapid state transitions which necessitate scoring in shorter epochs. Although many automated rodent sleep scoring methods exist, they do not perform as well when scoring new datasets, especially those which involve changes in the EEG/EMG profile. Thus, manual scoring by expert scorers remains the gold standard...

IMPORTANCE: Although insomnia guidelines recommend the use of several individual hypnotics, the most useful hypnotic for treating insomnia in a clinical setting remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine which guideline-recommended hypnotics have lower risks of monotherapy failure and which hypnotics have a higher risk of long-term prescription for insomnia treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective observational cohort study used data from the Japan Medical Data Center Claims Database from April 1, 2005, to March 31, 2021...

AIM: To investigate changes in the clinical characteristics of patients who abused benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRA) or over-the-counter (OTC) drugs before and after COVID-19 based on the 2018 and 2022 data of the "Nationwide Psychiatric Hospital (NPH) Survey on Drug-related Psychiatric Disorders." METHOD: A total of 446 and 155 cases, and 435 and 273 cases, who mainly abused BZRAs or OTC drugs, respectively, were extracted from the database of the two NPH Surveys...

A multi-residue UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method, previously developed for monitoring 52 pharmaceuticals in drinking water, was used to analyse these pharmaceuticals in wastewater originating from healthcare facilities in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the methodology was expanded to include the evaluation of the effectiveness of drug removal in Czech wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of the 18 wastewater samples analysed by the validated UHPLC-MS/MS, each sample contained at least one quantifiable analyte...

Zolpidem is a widely used hypnotic. Dependence on zolpidem due to the induction of euphoria is a rare condition, while intranasal misuse of zolpidem is a rather new phenomenon. We present the first case of a patient who developed zolpidem dependence, which was associated with the prompt onset of euphoria exclusively following intranasal use. Mr. A was a 51-year-old polydrug abuser with antisocial personality disorder and a physical dependence on zolpidem. Over several years, he consumed 500 mg of the drug daily, usually divided into 30 mg doses, exclusively via the nasal route because unlike the oral administration of the same dose of the drug, intranasal administration induced euphoria...

Latent fingerprints at crime scenes are frequently recovered using forensic gel-lifters, which can help to preserve the crime scene and to enhance visualisation of traces such as blood or paint. In addition to providing fingerprint ridge detail, additional chemical information can also be recovered from gel lifts that may prove pertinent to an investigation. However, while DNA and metal ions have been shown to be able to be detected in gel-lifted fingerprints, the determination of other types of chemical information such as the presence of drugs in gel-lifted prints has not been previously shown...

INTRODUCTION: Cranial dystonias (CrD) are challenging to treat. Oral pharmacotherapy is often sub-optimal, while delicate anatomy and limited availability of skilled botulinum toxin injectors makes this approach risky, and often difficult to access; neurosurgical options e.g. deep brain stimulation, are high-risk in the elderly populations most affected. We observed significant improvement in CrD in 2 patients prescribed Zolpidem+Melatonin combination treatment for insomnia, and therefore trialled this treatment in a further 4 patients with CrD...

BACKGROUND: Z-drugs (hypnotics such as zolpidem, zopiclone, and zaleplon) and benzodiazepines (BZDs) are sedative medications with misuse liability. The goals of this study are to report the (1) prevalence of past-year any Z-drug use, any BZD use, and any BZD misuse by sexual identity category and psychological distress; (2) associations among these 3 categories between sexual identity and past-year psychological distress; (3) associations among these 3 categories with sexual identity by past-year psychological distress status...

PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR INSOMNIA. The first line of treatment in adult chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, its difficult accessibility limited its use and medications are still often prescribed. Considering the drugs with marketing authorization, Z-drugs (zolpidem and zopiclone) if taken at the right hour and dosage promote sleep initiation and have less deleterious effects than benzodiazepines, especially the long-acting ones which should be avoided. This class of drugs cannot be prescribed longer than 28 days...

Increasing insomnia signals a public health problem, alongside rising zolpidem use. This study investigates the factors behind the disproportionate rise in zolpidem prescriptions in Taiwan. It aims to identify the determinants of high-dose zolpidem users in Taiwan's Yilan County and employ an innovative approach to outline their medication-seeking patterns, using Taiwan's healthcare database. The associations between sociodemographic and clinical factors and low-dose and high-dose users were analyzed using multiple logistic regression...

BACKGROUND: Alterations in sleep have been described in multiple health conditions and as a function of several medication effects. However, evidence generally stems from small univariate studies. Here, we apply a large-sample, data-driven approach to investigate patterns between in sleep macrostructure, quantitative sleep EEG, and health. METHODS: We use data from the MrOS Sleep Study, containing polysomnography and health data from a large sample (N = 3086) of elderly American men to establish associations between sleep macrostructure, the spectral composition of the electroencephalogram, 38 medical disorders, 2 health behaviors, and the use of 48 medications...

In order to investigate the influences of hair dyeing on the distribution shapes of drugs in hair, different hair dyeing processes ("semi-permanent coloring without bleaching" and "permanent coloring with bleaching") were performed in vitro on black hair specimens collected from two subjects (Asians) who took a single dose of zolpidem (ZP, 10 mg of ZP tartrate) or methoxyphenamine (MOP, 50 mg of MOP hydrochloride). Under the following three different dyeing conditions, (1) semi-permanent coloring, (2) permanent coloring (once), (3) permanent coloring (twice), drug distributions in single hair specimens were investigated using a 2-mm segmental analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry...

BACKGROUND: Regarding scientific research, Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine derivatives are constantly being developed due to the scaffold's intriguing chemical structure and varied bio-logical activity. They are distinctive organic nitrogen-bridged heterocyclic compounds that have several uses in medicines, organometallics and natural products. It has become a vital tool for medicinal chemists. METHODS: In order to gather scientific information on Imidazo[1,2-a] pyridines derivative, Google, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other databases were searched...

BACKGROUND: Legally prescribed benzodiazepines (BZDs) and designer BZDs are widely misused and must be determined in multiple contexts (eg, overdose, drug-facilitated sexual assaults, or driving under the influence of drugs). This study aimed to develop a method for measuring serum BZD levels using probe electrospray ionization (PESI) mass spectrometry and an isotope dilution approach. METHODS: A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a probe electrospray ionization source in multiple reaction monitoring mode was used...

OBJECTIVE: In this report, we discuss the case of a patient with minimally conscious state (MCS) whose clinical condition significantly improved after Zolpidem therapy. We aim to provide supportive evidence for inclusion of zolpidem trials in patients with MCS. METHODS: Our team used electronic medical records, direct patient care experiences, and literature review to obtain information for this case report. RESULTS: Twice daily zolpidem therapy led to significant clinical improvement in our patient with MCS...

This study evaluated the effect of zolpidem and lemborexant on sleep and morning symptoms in patients undergoing type-1 polysomnography for suspected sleep-disordered breathing based on questionnaires and polysomnography results. We enrolled 127 patients (lemborexant: N = 57, zolpidem: N  = 25, without hypnotics: N  = 45). Rapid eye movement sleep in patients on lemborexant was higher than that in patients without hypnotics ( P  = 0.02). Frequency of unsteadiness in the morning was higher in patients on zolpidem than that in patients without hypnotics ( P  = 0...

INTRODUCTION: For patients with chronic insomnia, conventional therapy may not always provide satisfactory efficacy and safety. Thus, switching to an alternative therapeutic agent can be explored. However, there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating the effectiveness of such changes. This prospective, non-randomized, open-label, interventional, multicenter study assessed whether Japanese patients with chronic insomnia dissatisfied with treatment could transition directly to lemborexant (LEM) from four cohorts-non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic (zolpidem, zopiclone, or eszopiclone) monotherapy, dual orexin receptor antagonist (suvorexant) monotherapy, suvorexant + benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), and melatonin receptor agonist (ramelteon) combination...

Sleep medications often carry residual effects potentially affecting driving safety, warranting network meta-analysis (NMA). PubMed/EMBASE/TRID/Clinicaltrials.gov/WHO-ICTRP/WebOfScience were inquired for randomized controlled trials of hypnotic driving studies in persons with insomnia and healthy subjects up to 05/28/2023, considering the vehicle's standard deviation of lateral position - SDLP (Standardized Mean Difference/SMD) and driving impairment rates on the first morning (co-primary outcomes) and endpoint...

Picrotoxin (PTX), a convulsant of plant origin, has been used in many studies as research tool. PTX is the open channel blocker of the GABAA receptor (GABAA R). Being in the pore, PTX initiates transfer of the channel to the closed state and thus it falls into the "trap". The consequence of this PTX trapping is so-called aftereffect, i.e. continuation of the blockade of the GABA-induced chloride current (IGABA ) after removal of PTX from the external solution. The present work shows that the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the GABAA receptor, allopregnanolone (Allo) and zolpidem (Zolp) as well as a high concentration of GABA shortened the PTX aftereffect...

AIMS: Sleep disorders are prevalent among stroke survivors and impede stroke recovery, yet they are still insufficiently considered in the management of stroke patients, and the mechanisms by which they occur remain unclear. There is evidence that boosting phasic GABA signaling with zolpidem during the repair phase improves stroke recovery by enhancing neural plasticity; however, as a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic, the effects of zolpidem on post-stroke sleep disorders remain unclear. METHOD: Transient ischemic stroke in male rats was induced with a 30-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion...