Orthopaedic review articles

A gastrocnemius contracture is a common problem that results in decreased ankle dorsiflexion that contributes to an array of foot and ankle ailments. A common surgical treatment for this condition is a gastrocnemius recession (GR). Many adaptations of the original procedure have been described. Misinterpretations of proper GR procedures have potentially caused confusion when selecting a treatment. This paper proposes to identify errors between the use of GR and gastrocnemius-soleus recession (GSR) procedure techniques in the current literature...

Altered shape of the proximal femur (cam morphology) or acetabulum (pincer morphology) is indicative of femoroacetabular impingement, which can result in hip pain and osteoarthritis of the hip. As mechanical load during growth affects the resulting bone shape, there is strong evidence in males that cam morphology develops during skeletal growth while physes are open, rather than as an adaptation after growth plates are closed (skeletal maturity). This adaptation is particularly evident in athletes who participate at elite levels prior to skeletal maturity...

INTRODUCTION: Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) has been widely reported to improve outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but there are still 15 - 20% of patients still experience pain, physical limitations, and other complications after TKA. Therefore, it is necessary to identify various factors that correlate with QoL from current evidence. The objective is to review the literature on factors that correlate with QoL in patients who underwent TKA...

BACKGROUND: Conservative management is recommended as the first therapeutic step in chronic low back pain (LBP), but there is no available evidence regarding the possible effect of patients' baseline characteristics on the therapeutic outcomes. A systematic review of the literature was performed to investigate this point. METHODS: In February 2024, all the level I studies investigating the role of pharmacological management for chronic LBP were accessed. Data concerning the patient demographic at baseline were collected: number of patients and related mean BMI and age, duration of the symptoms, duration of the follow-up, percentage of females, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)...

Diaphyseal fractures of the tibia is a common injury with an incidence of 16.9/100,000 population. Surgical treatment with intramedullary interlocking nail is the treatment of choice in closed diaphyseal tibial injuries. Removal of the nail is required in non-union, infected implant, implant failure or during exchange nailing procedure. Implant removal surgery presents some unique challenges to the Orthopaedic surgeons like broken nails, broken screws and failure of the extraction devices to engage with the threads of the nail due to stripping of the threads in the proximal part of the nail...

INTRODUCTION: Powered robotic exoskeleton (PRE) physiotherapy programmes are a relatively novel frontier which allow patients with reduced mobility to engage in supported walking. Research is ongoing regarding their utility, risks, and benefits. This article describes the case of two fractures occurring in one patient using a PRE. CASE: We report the case of a 54 year old man who sustained bilateral tibial fractures while using a PRE, on a background of T10 AIS A SCI...

INTRODUCTION: Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), there is a significant decline in periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD), potentially resulting in complications such as prosthetic loosening, periprosthetic fracture, and influencing the postoperative recovery. The objective of this study was to summarize the factors influencing periprosthetic BMD in TKA from existing studies. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was performed in 4 databases: Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library...

PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature to provide an updated evaluation of postoperative clinical outcomes, return to play, and postoperative complications following primary ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) in throwing and non-throwing athletes at a minimum two-year follow-up. METHODS: A literature search was performed on November 25th , 2023, by querying EMBASE, PubMed, and Scopus online databases using the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines...

(1) Background: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a tool designed to measure disability in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Measuring disability is becoming increasingly important due to its high prevalence, which continues to rise. Rehabilitation interventions can reduce disability and enhance functioning. (2) Objective: The present study aims to assess the impact of rehabilitation interventions on reducing disability, as measured by the WHODAS 2...

Introduction The creation of research groups and consortiums has become more common in all medical and surgical specialities. The purpose of this investigation was to assess and describe collaborative research groups and consortiums within orthopaedic surgery. In addition, we aimed to define the demographics of the research consortium members with particular attention to female and minority members. Methods  Journals with a musculoskeletal/orthopaedic focus and a few medical journals were selected to identify articles published by research groups and consortiums...

Arthropathies are a frequent cause of shoulder pain and comprise of a wide range of clinical entities that may pose a diagnostic challenge. Though history and clinical examination remain vital, imaging plays a pivotal role in accurate diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains an invaluable tool for imaging evaluation of shoulder involvement by various arthropathies. With attention to characteristic imaging features, radiologist may be able to differentiate between various disease processes affecting the shoulder joint...

This article presents a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic utility of existing imaging techniques including radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radionuclide imaging in the context of the most common orthopaedic or musculoskeletal infections. It also includes illustrative images showcasing significant findings in various musculoskeletal infections including osteomyelitis, cellulitis, septic arthritis, necrotising infections and peri-prosthetic joint infections and their associated complications...

BACKGROUND: Female representation within athletics has increased as a result of Title IX, rising popularity, demand for equal compensation, and greater participation in multiple sports. Despite this, gender disparities in sports medicine research are apparent. This project serves to review the literature available on fifth-metatarsal fractures and assess the representation of female athletes in current literature. METHODS: We used a standardized protocol to audit the representation of female athletes in sports science and sports medicine research for fifth-metatarsal fractures...

The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the use of functional outcome measures within orthopedic oncology. The search engine, PubMed, was reviewed for all articles over an 11-year period from 2011 to 2021 from five major journals that publish in the field of orthopedic oncology. The functional outcome measures used in the articles were recorded along with study date, study design, clinical topic/pathology, and level of evidence. Out of 5968 musculoskeletal tumor-focused articles reviewed, 293 (4...

Orthopedic implants are the most commonly used fracture fixation devices for facilitating the growth and development of incipient bone and treating bone diseases and defects. However, most orthopedic implants suffer from various drawbacks and complications, including bacterial adhesion, poor cell proliferation, and limited resistance to corrosion. One of the major drawbacks of currently available orthopedic implants is their inadequate osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface. This leads to loosening as a result of immunological rejection, wear debris formation, low mechanical fixation, and implant-related infections...

PURPOSE: Literature regarding total hip arthroplasty for pediatric hip diseases is scarce. This review aims to portray the various orthopedic conditions of childhood that can lead to significant impairment of the hip joint and, ultimately, to total hip arthroplasty in adolescence and adulthood. METHODS: In total, 61 out of 3666 articles were selected according to (1) the diagnosis of one of the 12 pediatric hip pathologies (Legg-Perthes-Calvé disease, developmental dysplasia of the hip, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, neuromuscular hip dysplasia, post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the proximal femur, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, achondroplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, mucopolysaccharidosis, mucolipidosis, hip infections, and tumors) that required total hip arthroplasty; (2) minimum follow-up of 16 months; (3) assessed outcome with a clinical or radiologic score; (4) Methodological Items for Non-Randomized Studies quality score of 9 or higher...

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a prevalent condition in sports medicine, and as sports competitions become more popular, the incidence of sports injuries is on the rise. Despite the increasing research on PFPS, there remains a lack of bibliometric analyses on this topic. The aim of this study was to identify the research hotspots and trends in the field of PFPS by reviewing 23 years of literature in this field. METHODS: By analyzing the literature on PFPS research from 2000 to 2023 in the core dataset of the Web of Science database and utilizing bibliometric tools like CiteSpace 6...

INTRODUCTION: Professional burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and low sense of personal achievement related to the workplace. Orthopaedic surgeons train and practise in highly demanding environments. Understanding up-to-date trends in burnout, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, is vital. For this reason, we carried out a systematic review on this topic. METHODS: A scoping literature review of two databases was conducted. Two authors independently screened articles and conflicts were resolved by panel discussion...

INTRODUCTION: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignant and aggressive bony tumor affecting the most common age group of 5-20 years. It constitutes 10%-15% of all bone sarcomas and is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma. It usually presents with pain, which is typically constant and progressive in nature. The primary source of pain is due to the instability of the spine to support the weight of the body, the vertebral body's expanding cortices due to the growing mass, compression of nerve roots due to tumour mass, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and invasion of tissue by the tumour mass...

BACKGROUND: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) with concurrent latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) is a potential treatment option for restoration of external rotation (ER). Biomechanical studies have emphasized the importance of the insertion site location for achieving optimal outcomes. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to describe what insertion sites for LDT are utilized during concomitant RSA and their associated clinical outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed per PRISMA guidelines...