Hypoglossal Nerve

UNLABELLED: During pharyngeal phase of swallowing circumferential tension of the cervical esophagus (CTE) increases caused by a biomechanical process of laryngeal elevation pulling the cervical esophagus orad. The esophagus contracts longitudinally during esophageal peristalsis, therefore, we hypothesized that CTE increases during esophageal peristalsis by a biomechanical process. METHODS: We investigated this hypothesis using 28 decerebrate cats instrumented with EMG electrodes on the pharynx and esophagus, and esophageal manometry...

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in children with Down syndrome (DS). Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy are the usual first interventions employed to treat OSA in children with DS but sometimes do not achieve adequate resolution of clinical signs. Positive airway pressure treatment is often used next, but this treatment is poorly tolerated by this population. Persistent OSA can adversely affect a child's health and cognitive development. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS), previously shown to be safe and effective in adults with OSA, has been used in children as young as 10 years old with DS and has achieved measurable neurocognitive benefits...

BACKGROUND: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal malignancy optimizes oncologic outcomes while preserving functionality. This study identifies patterns of functional recovery after TORS with free flap reconstruction (FFR). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care center of patients with primary oropharyngeal tumors treated with TORS with FFR between 2010 and 2022. Patients were categorized into: adjuvant chemoradiation or radiation, or no adjuvant therapy (NAT)...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE: Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disability associated with difficulties in deglutition. The adult Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has been previously shown to have differences in measures of swallowing compared with euploid controls. However, the putative mechanisms of these differences in swallowing function are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that the Ts65Dn genotype is associated with atypical measures of tongue muscle contractile properties, coinciding with atypical swallow function...

IMPORTANCE: Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) is a potential alternative therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but its efficacy in a clinical setting and the impact of body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) on treatment response remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether HGNS therapy is effective for patients with OSA, whether HGNS can treat supine OSA, and whether there are associations between BMI and treatment response...

Cerebral persistent primitive arteries are uncommon and associated with cerebrovascular diseases, like cerebral aneurysms. They can cause vertebrobasilar ischemia and neuropathy of the cranial nerves. The authors present a patient with trigeminal artery associated with giant partially thrombosed cavernous internal cerebral artery aneurysm.

RATIONALE: Differences in the pharyngeal site-of-collapse influences efficacy of non-CPAP therapies for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Notably, complete concentric collapse at the palate (CCCp) during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is associated with reduced efficacy of hypoglossal nerve stimulation, but CCCp is currently not recognisable using polysomnography. Here we develop a means to estimate DISE-based site-of-collapse using overnight polysomnography. METHODS: 182 OSA patients provided DISE and polysomnography data...

People with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are a heterogeneous group. While many succeed in the treatment of their OSA, many others struggle with therapy. Herein, we discuss how anatomical and physiological factors that cause sleep apnea (OSA traits) impact treatment response and may offer an avenue for more precise care. These OSA traits, including anatomical (upper-airway collapsibility) and physiological (loop gain, airway muscle responsiveness, and arousal threshold) factors, may help determine who can succeed with continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliances, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, or pharmacotherapy...

BACKGROUND: Although positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET-CT) plays an important role in detecting various types of childhood malignancy, it has low positive predictive value, owing to the nonspecific uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) by normal tissue in various benign conditions. CASE SUMMARY: A 5-year-old male patient with a malignant rhabdoid tumor originating in the left neck underwent primary tumor resection concurrently with ipsilateral lymph node dissection after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, etoposide, vincristine, and doxorubicin...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are 2 of the most prevalent sleep disorders and frequently co-occur. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is the first line treatment for insomnia and has been shown to improve compliance with positive airway pressure therapy. Other alternatives to OSA treatment may have higher acceptance in those with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA). Surgery, particularly hypoglossal nerve stimulation, appears to be well tolerated and may improve insomnia in those with COMISA...

Neurostimulation of hypoglossal nerve has emerged as an effective treatment option of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Since FDA approval in 2014, therapy has been widely used in select patients with moderate-to-severe OSA who do not benefit from positive airway pressure. Ongoing research and technological developments continue to advance the therapy to deliver personalized and efficient treatment to patients with OSA.

Extracranial waste transport from the brain interstitial fluid to the deep cervical lymph node (dCLN) is not extensively understood. The present study aims to show the cranial nerves that have a role in the transport of brain lymphatics vessels (LVs), their localization, diameter, and number using podoplanin (PDPN) and CD31 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting. Cranial nerve samples from 6 human cases (3 cadavers, and 3 autopsies) were evaluated for IHC and 3 autopsies for Western blotting. The IHC staining showed LVs along the optic, olfactory, oculomotor, trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, accessory, and vagus nerves...

OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is usually assessed at discrete and infrequent timepoints. Wearable consumer sleep technologies (CST) may allow for more granular and longitudinal assessments of OSA therapy responses and OSA-related symptoms. METHODS: In this case series, we enrolled hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) patients who had an effective treatment response for an 8-week study using a wearable CST. Participants started with "HGNS-on," were randomized to turn off HGNS therapy during either week 4 or 5 ("HGNS-off"), followed by a return to therapy, "HGNS-resume...

Up to 80% of children with Down syndrome (DS) are affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and only 16% to 30% will have resolution of their OSA with adenotonsillectomy. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a well-established therapy for adults with OSA and was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in children with DS and residual OSA. There is robust experience with this therapy in adults that has led to well-established care pathways. However, given the challenges inherent to caring for a complex pediatric population, these pathways are not directly transferrable to children with DS...

PURPOSE: Necrotizing otitis externa (OEN) is an aggressive and morbid infection of the external acoustic meatus. What are the risk factors for OEN extension? METHODS: French monocentric retrospective study (2004-2021), including patients with OEN defined by the association of an inflamed EAM, a positive nuclear imaging, the presence of a bacteriological sample and the failure of a well-followed local and/or general antibiotic treatment. OEN was extensive if it was associated with vascular or neurological deficits, if nuclear imaging fixation and/or bone lysis extended beyond the tympanic bone...

Carotid body tumour (CBT) is the most common paraganglioma of the head and neck and may compromise neurovascular structures such as carotid vessels, and cranial nerves. Intracranial extension from the mass is possible if left untreated. The main treatment for CBT is surgical resection albeit extremely challenging due to tumour hypervascularity and its relationship to the carotid artery. A bilateral CBT, however, is a rare occurrence. Herein, we present a case of a man who presented to us with bilateral painless and palpable neck mass...

BACKGROUND: Posterior condylar canal dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are extremely rare. METHODS: We report a case series and literature review of posterior condylar canal dAVFs and discuss similarities and differences between posterior condylar and hypoglossal canal dAVFs with respect to the related vascular anatomy, angioarchitecture of the fistula, presentation, and treatment. RESULTS: Four cases of posterior condylar canal dAVF were identified at our institutions and six cases were identified in the literature...

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE: Unilateral tongue atrophy can be a rare and crucial early indicator of metastatic prostate cancer, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring in clinical assessments. This case underscores the importance of considering cranial nerve involvement, especially the twelfth, for timely intervention and comprehensive patient care. ABSTRACT: Prostate cancer, ranking among the most prevalent cancers, often manifests with skeletal metastases. Cranial nerve involvement, particularly the twelfth cranial nerve (XII), as an initial presentation is exceptionally rare...