OCD& ADHD

OBJECTIVES: Individuals with bipolar disorders (BD) have heterogenic pre-onset illness courses and responses to treatment. The pattern of illness preceding the diagnosis of BD may be a marker of future treatment response. Here, we examined associations between psychiatric morbidity preceding the diagnosis of BD and pharmacological treatment patterns in the 2 years following diagnosis. METHODS: In this register-based study, we included all patients with a diagnosis of BD attending Danish Psychiatric Services between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition characterised by pruritus and recurrent eczematous patches and plaques. It impacts sleep and its visibility can lead to stigmatisation, low self-esteem, social withdrawal, reduced quality of life (QOL), and psychological burden. This study explores the relationship between AD and mental health, including possible causation pathways. A literature review was conducted in PubMed without using limiters. AD carries higher odds of suicidality and an increased risk of depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across all severities...

Brain-hemisphere asymmetry/laterality is a well-conserved biological feature of normal brain development. Several lines of evidence, confirmed by the meta-analysis of different studies, support the disruption of brain laterality in mental illnesses such as schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and autism. Furthermore, as abnormal brain lateralization in the planum temporale (a critical structure in auditory language processing) has been reported in patients with SCZ, it has been considered a major cause for the onset of auditory verbal hallucinations...

Neurodevelopmental conditions can be associated with decreased health-related quality of life; however, the predictors of these outcomes remain largely unknown. We characterized the predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a sample of neurodiverse children and youth. We used a cross-sectional subsample from the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Disorders Network (POND) consisting of those children and young people in the POND dataset with complete study data (total n = 615; 31% female; age: 11...

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that educational attainment (EA), intelligence and income are key factors associated with mental disorders. However, the direct effects of each factor on major mental disorders are unclear. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the overall and independent causal effects of the three psychosocial factors on common mental disorders. METHODS: Using genome-wide association study summary datasets, we performed Mendelian randomisation (MR) and multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses to assess potential associations between the 3 factors (EA, N=766 345; household income, N=392 422; intelligence, N=146 808) and 13 common mental disorders, with sample sizes ranging from 9907 to 807 553...

OBJECTIVE: Racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have been reported, but have not accounted for the prevalence of the traits that underlie these disorders. Examining rates of diagnoses in relation to traits may yield a clearer understanding of the degree to which racial/ethnic minority youth in Canada differ in their access to care. We sought to examine differences in self/parent-reported rates of diagnoses for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders after adjusting for differences in trait levels between youth from three racial/ethnic groups: White, South Asian and East Asian...

Saffron (Crocus sativus), as an herbal medicine, has been extensively investigated for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. This systematic review aimed to assess the overall effects of saffron on cognition, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by searching PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials databases up to June 2023 according to search terms and inclusion criteria...

BACKGROUND: Cognitive functions represent foundational factors for mental health and quality of life (QoL). In Tourette syndrome (TS), psychiatric comorbidities are common and have been inconsistently reported to affect the cognition and QoL of patients, while the role of tic disorder duration has not been yet explored. METHODS: To examine how comorbidities and TS duration may influence cognition and QoL, N = 80 children with TS (6-16 years) were evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)...

BACKGROUND: The concept of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) emerged from observations of personality characteristics common in relatives of schizophrenic patients. While often studied in family designs, few studies and none with genetic measures, have examined SPD in epidemiological samples. METHODS: We studied individuals born in Sweden 1940-2000 with an ICD-10 diagnosis of SPD with no prior schizophrenia (SZ) diagnosis ( n = 2292). Demographic features, patterns of comorbidity, and Family Genetic Risk Scores (FGRS) were assessed from multiple Swedish registries...

OBJECTIVE: To identify childhood psychopathological features that predict the onset of adolescent Bipolar (BD) versus Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder (UD) during adolescence. METHOD: We analyzed clinical data from 495 juveniles diagnosed with DSM-5 UD ( n  = 359), and BD ( n  = 136), using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: BD subjects exhibited earlier onset of any psychiatric feature compared to UD...

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS) are often concurrent. This study explores the temperament profile of complex OCD phenotypes. METHODS: A clinical registry recorded demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses, and temperament traits, including novelty seeking (exploratory behaviors), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), reward dependence (sentimentality), and persistence (perseverance)...

Given the increasing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in many decision-making processes, we investigate the presence of AI bias towards terms related to a range of neurodivergent conditions, including autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We use 11 different language model encoders to test the degree to which words related to neurodiversity are associated with groups of words related to danger, disease, badness, and other negative concepts. For each group of words tested, we report the mean strength of association (Word Embedding Association Test [WEAT] score) averaged over all encoders and find generally high levels of bias...

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Psychiatric comorbidities are relatively common among patients with epilepsy; however, the underlying mechanisms of this association remain largely unknown. The objective of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to analyze the genetic correlations and causality underlying these reciprocal associations. METHODS: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with epilepsy (29,677 controls and 15,212 cases) and seven psychiatric comorbidities (485,436 controls and 269,495 cases) were identified from genome-wide association studies...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorders (PMVT) are more prevalent in males (vs. females). Females with TS may have a delay in diagnosis, and more complex tic features (vs. males). With respect to comorbidities, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is more prevalent in females; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in males. Less is known about sex differences in PMVT. This study analyzes sex differences in outcomes among individuals with TS and PMVT in the Tourette Association of America International Consortium for Genetics dataset (TAAICG)...

OBJECTIVE: To use a family genetic study to evaluate familial risk of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and common comorbid illnesses in first-degree relatives of pediatric-onset probands with primary OCD. METHOD: One hundred and thirty youth with OCD and their 133 siblings and 241 parents and 49 pediatric controls were directly evaluated along multiple domains including psychopathology using structured diagnostic interviews and clinical corroboration. RESULTS: Rates of anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, and tic disorders were markedly elevated in the probands while rates in siblings were elevated at rates between the probands and controls...

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder widely recognized for its recurrent obsessions and compulsions, which may cause severe impairment worldwide. This review explores the difficulties in diagnosing OCD, its comorbidities, and its treatment approaches. Psychiatry and neuroscience face noteworthy obstacles in treating OCD, which is frequently misdiagnosed and inadequately addressed. This illness, which causes upsetting symptoms that interfere with day-to-day living, affects not only adults but also children and adolescents to a great extent...

BACKGROUND: Impairing repetitive behaviours are one of the core diagnostic symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but also manifest in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the dorsal striatal circuit has been implicated in repetitive behaviours, extensive heterogeneity and cross-diagnostic manifestations in these behaviours have suggested phenotypic and likely neurobiological heterogeneity across neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)...

Although a large number of existing studies have confirmed that people with vitiligo are prone to mental disorders, these observational studies may be subject to confounding factors and reverse causality, so the true causal relationship is inconclusive. We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causality between vitiligo and mental disorders, namely depression, anxiety, insomnia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...

IMPORTANCE: Evaluating risk factors for keratoconus, often associated with recurrent eye rubbing, could generate hypotheses to be tested in future interventional trials. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk for keratoconus associated with psychiatric comorbidities in adolescents and adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based cross-sectional study included medical records of Israeli adolescents and adults in military service from January 2011 through December 2021...

BACKGROUND: Gills de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder manifested by motor and vocal tics. Kleefstra syndrome 1 (KS1), a rare genetic disorder, is caused by haploinsufficiency of the EHMT1 gene and is characterized by intellectual disability (ID), childhood hypotonia, and distinctive facial features. Tourette-like syndrome in KS1 has rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we describe a 7-year-old girl presenting involuntary motor and vocal tics, intellectual disability, childhood hypotonia, and dysmorphic craniofacial appearances, as well as comorbidities including attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and self-injurious behavior (SIB)...