anti convulsants

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and thyroid-specific autoantibodies. Hashimoto's encephalopathy, a rare entity associated with these antibodies, presents as a relapsing encephalopathy with neuropsychiatric manifestations and seizures. A 15-year-old girl, initially healthy, experienced a tonic-clonic seizure. Despite unremarkable initial assessments, she returned with generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was suggested by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, low thyroxine levels, and high anti-thyroid antibodies, and was confirmed by ultrasound...

Dravet syndrome is a severe genetic epilepsy primarily caused by de novo mutations in a voltage-activated sodium channel gene ( SCN1A ). Patients face life-threatening seizures that are largely resistant to available anti-seizure medications. Preclinical Dravet syndrome animal models are a valuable tool to identify candidate anti-seizure medications for these patients. Among these, scn1lab mutant zebrafish, exhibiting spontaneous seizure-like activity, are particularly amenable to large-scale drug screening...

Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain characterized by seizures. The currently available anticonvulsants only treat symptoms with serious adverse drug reactions. Therefore, there is need for new therapeutic intervention that will prevent epileptogenesis with greater therapeutic success. Quercetin (QT) is a flavonoid with known neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. The study aimed to investigate its effects against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 10)...

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Any disruption in CSF flow can lead to various congenital and acquired conditions, impacting neurological function and overall health. This study aims to analyze the significance of phase-contrast MRI in evaluating abnormalities in CSF flow and its diagnostic utility in various CSF-related disorders. Phase contrast MRI has emerged as a valuable tool for evaluating CSF dynamics non-invasively by examining CSF flow characteristics such as pulsatile flow patterns, hyperdynamic or hypodynamic flow, and disruptions in CSF circulation...

BACKGROUND: Persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) is often the initial diagnosis in patients seeking treatment in psychiatric departments, making it challenging to consider organic nervous system diseases. However, autoimmune encephalitis can present with atypical initial symptoms, leading to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Lumbar puncture, with antibody support, plays a crucial role in diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis. CASE PRESENTATION: This report describes a 40-year-old male adult patient who was initially diagnosed with persistent somatoform pain disorder in 2022...

This narrative review intends to inform neurologists and public health professionals about Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy (OAE), a neglected public health problem in many remote onchocerciasis-endemic areas. For epidemiological purposes, we define OAE as sudden-onset of convulsive and non-convulsive seizure types, including head nodding seizures (nodding syndrome) in a previously healthy child aged 3 to 18 years in the absence of any other obvious cause for epilepsy, all happening within an area with high ongoing Onchocerca volvulus transmission...

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by episodic dysfunction of central nervous system. The most basic mechanism of epilepsy falls to the imbalance between excitation and inhibition. In adults, GABAA receptor (GABAA R) is the main inhibitory receptor to prevent neurons from developing hyperexcitability, while its inhibition relies on the low intracellular chloride anion concentration ([Cl- ]i ). Neuronal-specific electroneutral K+ -Cl- cotransporter (KCC2) can mediate chloride efflux to lower [Cl- ]i for GABAA R mediated inhibition...

Natural products are closely associated with human health. Luteolin (LUT), a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and herbs. It is noteworthy that LUT exhibits a variety of beneficial pharmacological properties and holds significant potential for clinical applications, particularly in antitumor, anti-convulsion, diabetes control, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, anti-oxidation, anti-cardiovascular, and other aspects. The potential mechanism of action has been partially elucidated, including the mediation of NF-κB, toll-like receptor, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, AMPK/mTOR, and Nrf-2, among others...

Sinapic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits and cereals. Recent studies have shown that SA has potential anti-seizure properties due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective role of SA at two different dosages in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced acute seizure model. Mice were divided into six groups: normal control, PTZ, SA (20 mg/kg), SA (20 mg/kg) + PTZ, SA (40 mg/kg), and SA (40 mg/kg) + PTZ...

The molecular mechanisms underlying seizure generation remain elusive, yet they are crucial for developing effective treatments for epilepsy. The current study shows that inhibiting c-Abl tyrosine kinase prevents apoptosis, reduces dendritic spine loss, and maintains N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) phosphorylated in in vitro models of excitotoxicity. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice promotes c-Abl phosphorylation, and disrupting c-Abl activity leads to fewer seizures, increases latency toward SE, and improved animal survival...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC., Eryngium foetidum L., and Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers plants are traditionally used to treat various central nervous system disorders like paralysis, epilepsy, seizure, convulsion, chronic pain, headache, sleep disturbances, sprain, and mental disorders. However, their possible neuroprotective effects have not been evaluated experimentally so far. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims to examine the neuroprotective potential of the three plants against cytotoxicity induced by rotenone in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and assess its plausible mechanisms of neuroprotection...

Herpesviruses have two distinct life cycle stages, latency and lytic replication. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma-herpesvirus, establishes latency in vivo and in cultured cells. Cell lines harboring latent EBV can be induced into the lytic cycle by treatment with chemical inducing agents. In the Burkitt lymphoma cell line HH514-16 the viral lytic cycle is triggered by butyrate, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Butyrate also alters expression of thousands of cellular genes. However, valproic acid (VPA), another HDAC inhibitor with global effects on cellular gene expression blocks EBV lytic gene expression in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines...

Cancer is the main cause of death in the world. There are several therapies that are in practice for cancer cure including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Among the chemotherapies, natural products are considered comparable safe, easily available and cost effective. Approximately 60% of cancer approved FDA drugs are natural products including vinblastine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel. These natural products have complex structures due to which they work against cancer through different molecular pathways, STAT3, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dependent pathway, extrinsic apoptosis pathway, autophagy, mitophagy and ferroptosis...

BACKGROUND: Adverse reactions induced by isoosmolar contrast medium (iodixanol) are mostly mild, with rashes and headaches being the most common. Although anaphylactic shock has been reported, no related incidents have been documented on cerebral angiography. OBJECTIVE: This article reports a serious case of anaphylactic shock possibly induced by iodixanol and provides an overview of the case report. CASE SUMMARY: A 65-year-old female with persistent headaches for nearly six months and CTA examination revealed multiple intracranial aneurysms...

Various opportunistic infections develop during immunodeficiency due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The treatment options for malignant lymphoma (ML) and toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) are completely different; therefore, their discrimination is critical. A 25-year-old female of foreign nationality had been experiencing headaches for several weeks and suddenly developed convulsions. Brain computed tomography revealed multiple intracranial lesions; therefore, the patient was referred to the neurosurgery department...

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of a large number of mortalities and morbidities. Nitrogen heterocyclic compounds have been pivotal in exhibiting wide array of therapeutic applications. Among them, tetrazole is a ubiquitous class of organic heterocyclic compounds that have attracted much attention because of its unique structural and chemical properties, and a wide range of pharmacological activities comprising anti-convulsant effect, antibiotic, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive to name a few. Owing to significant chemical and biological properties, the present review aimed at highlighting the recent advances in tetrazole derivatives with special emphasis on their role in the management of neurological diseases...

It was demonstrated that ginsenosides exert anti-convulsive potentials and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is protective from excitotoxicity induced by kainate (KA), a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ginsenosides-mediated mitochondrial recovery is essential for attenuating KA-induced neurotoxicity, however, little is known about the effects of ginsenoside Re (GRe), one of the major ginsenosides. In this study, GRe significantly attenuated KA-induced seizures in mice. KA-induced redox changes were more evident in mitochondrial fraction than in cytosolic fraction in the hippocampus of mice...

BACKGROUND: Carvone is a monoterpene ketone in mint plants and some Mediterranean spices. In Carvone, chemical compounds occur in two enantiomers, S (+) carvone and R (-) carvone. These two enantiomeric forms of carvone are identical in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics and only differ in terms of their rotatory power based on their smell. Caraway has also been utilized to treat newborns' flatulent colic and to treat adults' anxious cardiac- gastric symptoms, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints, flatulence, irritated stomach, indigestion, lack of appetite, and dyspepsia...

Low medication adherence remains a major challenge in the treatment of epilepsy, particularly in children. In recent years, several approaches and interventions have been employed to promote medication adherence in children with epilepsy (CWE). In this study, we aimed to summarize the evidence on these interventions. In this systematic review, major medical electronic databases were searched for relevant literature from January 2005 till July 2023, including PsycINFO, Medline (via PubMed), Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis databases, and CENTRAL by the Cochrane Library...

Curcumol (Cur), a guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal, is an important and representative bioactive component extracted from the essential oil of the rhizomes of Curcumae rhizoma which is also known as "Ezhu" in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, Cur has received considerable attention from the research community due to its favorable pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-convulsant, and other activities, and has also exerted therapeutic effect on various cancers, liver diseases, inflammatory diseases, and infectious diseases...