Terpenoid

A simple aqueous host:guest sensing array can selectively discriminate between different types of citrus varietal from peel extract samples. It can also distinguish between identical citrus samples at varying stages of ripening. The discrimination effects stem from detection of changes in the terpenoid composition of the peel extracts by the host:guest array, despite the overwhelming excess of a single component, limonene, in each sample. The hosts are insensitive to limonene but bind other monoterpenes strongly, even though they are similar in structure to the major limonene component...

Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products, found across all domains of life. One of the most abundant bacterial terpenoids is the volatile odorant 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), partially responsible for the earthy smell of soil and musty taste of contaminated water. Many bacterial 2-MIB biosynthetic gene clusters were thought to encode a conserved transcription factor, named EshA in the model soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus . Here, we revise the function of EshA, now referred to as Sg Enc, and show that it is a Family 2B encapsulin shell protein...

Terpenoids are one of the largest class of natural products with diverse structures and activities. This enormous diversity is embedded in enzymes called terpene synthases (TSs), which generate diverse terpene skeletons via sophisticated cyclization cascades. In addition to the many highly selective TSs, there are many promiscuous TSs that accept multiple prenyl substrates, or even noncanonical ones, with 6, 7, 8, 11, and 16 carbon atoms, synthesized via chemical approaches, C -methyltransferases, or engineered lepidopteran mevalonate pathways...

BACKGROUND: Sesterterpenoids are rare species among the terpenoids family. Ophiobolins are sesterterpenes with a 5-8-5 tricyclic skeleton. The oxidized ophiobolins exhibit significant cytotoxic activity and potential medicinal value. There is an urgent need for large amounts of ophiobolins supplication for drug development. The synthetic biology approach has been successfully employed in lots of terpene compound production and inspired us to develop a cell factory for ophiobolin biosynthesis...

Traditional medicinal plants play an important role in primary health care worldwide. The phytochemical screening and activities of Geranium pusillum were investigated in this research. The dried plant leaves were extracted with ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol, acetone, and aqueous solvents. These extracts were qualitatively analyzed, GC-MS, antimicrobial activities by using the disc diffusion method, antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging, and cytotoxic activity was analyzed by the hemolytic activity of human red blood cells...

Microcystins release from bloom-forming cyanobacteria is considered a way to gain competitive advantage in Microcystis populations, which threaten water resources security and aquatic ecological balance. However, the effects of microcystins on microalgae are still largely unclear. Through simulated culture experiments and the use of UHPLC-MS-based metabolomics, the effects of two microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentrations (400 and 1,600 μg/L) on the growth and antioxidant properties of three algae species, the toxic Microcystis aeruginosa, a non-toxic Microcystis sp...

In Brazil, latex from Euphorbia umbellata (African milk tree) has been increasingly used in folk medicine to treat several types of cancer, including melanoma. The effect of lyophilized latex (LL), its hydroethanolic extract (E80), triterpene (F-TRI)- and diterpene (F-DIT)-enriched fractions, along with six isolated phorbol esters from LL and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)on J774A.1, THP-1, SK-MEL-28, and B16-F10 cell line viability were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method...

BACKGROUND: Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs...

Marine natural products play an important role in biopesticides. Seven new secondary metabolites with different structural classes, including two cycloheptapeptides, scortide A (1) and scortide B (2), two 19-nor-diterpenoids, talascortene H (3) and talascortene I (4), two diterpenoid acids, talascortene J (5) and talascortene K (6), and one triterpenoid, talascortene L (7) were isolated and identified from the sea-anemone-derived endozoic fungus Talaromyces scorteus AS-242. Their structures were comprehensively assigned by spectroscopic data analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, tandem mass spectrometry, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations...

As a result of increasing drug resistance, crossover resistance development, prolonged therapy, and the absence of different agents with innovative methods for implementation, the efficacy of recent antileishmanial medications is severely declining. So, it is vital to look for other medications from botanical remedies that have antileishmanial activity. The latex of Euphorbia abyssinica (E abyssinica) and the leaves of Clematis simensis fresen (C simensis) were macerated in methanol (80%). In vitro antileishmanial activity of the preparation was tried on promastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica (L aethiopica) and Leishmania donovani (L donovani) using resazurin assay, and fluorescence intensity was measured...

Rhubarb contains an abundance of compounds and nutrients that promote health through various activities; however, these activities are affected by the harvest season. In this paper, the changes in nutrients, phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of Rheum officinale leaf blades (LRO) during different growth periods were investigated. The results showed that LRO is a good source of protein, fiber, and minerals and contains abundant fatty acids; however, as the harvest time increased from March to July, the levels of protein and amino acid decreased, and the levels of other nutrients reached a maximum in May or June...

Chemical control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) based on the use of insecticides is particularly challenging as the insect attacks ripening fruits shortly before harvest. An alternative strategy may rely on the use of yeasts as phagostimulants and baits, applied on canopy as attract-and-kill formulations. The aim of this research was to identify the most attractive among six yeast species for D. suzukii: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Clavispora santaluciae, Saccharomycopsis vini, Issatchenkia terricola, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima...

Terpenoids have tremendous biological activities and are widely employed in food, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Using synthetic biology to product terpenoids from microbial cell factories presents a promising alternative route compared to conventional methods such as chemical synthesis or phytoextraction. The red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa has been widely studied due to its natural production capacity of carotenoid and lipids, indicating a strong endogenous isoprene pathway with readily available metabolic intermediates...

Terpenoids are important contributors to the aroma of grapes and wines. Grapes contain terpenoids in both volatile free form and non-volatile glycosidic form, with the latter being more abundant. Glycosylated terpenoids are deemed as latent aromatic potentials for their essential role in adding to the flowery and fruity bouquet of wines. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying glycosylated terpenoid biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Our prior study identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor, VviERF003, through DNA pull-down screening using the promoter of terpenoid glycosyltransferase VviGT14 gene...

Natural terpenoid carriers, such as oleanolic acid (OA), can enhance the water solubility and stability of hydrophobic compounds such as curcumin (Cur). However, improving the colloidal stability of nanoparticle emulsions and resolving the redispersion problem of freeze-dried nanoparticle powders remain significant challenges. In this study, we fabricated coassembled oleanolic acid-curcumin nanoparticles (OA/Cur NPs) and applied a polysaccharide surface coating method to improve their colloidal stability and water solubility...

OBJECTIVES: Oxytropis DC is a perennial plant of Fabaceae family, which is widely distributed in the northern temperate zone. It is known as "locoweed" because of its toxic component swainsonine. However, it is widely used in Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine, mainly for the treatment of heat-clearing and detoxifying, pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, hemostasis, and other diseases. To provide a basis for the further development and utilization of Oxytropis DC, the pieces of literature about the application, phytochemistry, pharmacological action, and toxicity of Oxytropis DC were reviewed and analyzed...

INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil predominant airway inflammation is associated with severe and steroid-resistant asthma clusters. Previously, we reported efficacy of ASHMI, a three-herb TCM asthma formula in a steroid-resistant neutrophil-dominant murine asthma model and further identified Ganoderic Acid C1 (GAC1) as a key ASHMI active compound in vitro. The objective of this study is to investigate GAC1 effect on neutrophil-dominant, steroid-resistant asthma in a murine model. METHODS: In this study, Balb/c mice were systematically sensitized with ragweed (RW) and alum and intranasally challenged with ragweed...

BACKGROUND: Geographical factors affect the nutritional, therapeutic and commercial values of fruits. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp) is a popular fruit in Asia and a potential functional food with diverse pharmacological attributes. Although it is produced in various localities, the information related to the altitudinal variation of dragon fruit nutrients and active compounds is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the variations in metabolite profiles of H. polyrhizus (variety Jindu1) fruit pulps from three different altitudes of China, including Wangmo (WM, 650 m), Luodian (LD, 420 m), and Zhenning (ZN, 356 m)...

A new labdane diterpene ( 1 ), two new norsesquiterpenoids ( 2 - 3 ), as well as eight known terpenoids ( 4 - 11 ) were isolated from the seeds of Alpinia galanga (Zingiberaceae). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, MS, and comparison of their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of all the isolated compounds ( 1 - 11 ) were evaluated and the result showed that compounds 6 and 9 had inhibitory activity against AChE, with IC50 values at 295...

Two unprecedented isomeric secondary metabolites named vibralactones Z5 ( 1a ) and Z6 ( 1b ), in addition to eleven known compounds ( 2 - 12 ), were isolated from solid-state rice culture medium of Bondarzewia mesenterica (Bondarzewiaceae). Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established via spectral analyses. The new lactone derivatives were weakly active against Staphylococcus aureus without any significant cytotoxicity, while the molecules containing an aldehyde functionality showed significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects...