trimetoprim

This work has assessed the seasonal changes and the dynamics in the concentration of six pharmaceutical compounds during photolysis as a tertiary treatment of sewage previously treated by an anaerobic/aerobic system comprising a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor and a trickling filter (TF). The target compounds were four antibiotics (ciprofloxacin (CPF), clindamycin (CLM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and trimetoprim), one β-blocker (atenolol), and one anti-inflammatory (diclofenac (DCF)). Six hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were evaluated (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 min) with the intent of varying the ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation doses applied to the effluent from biological treatment containing the target contaminants...

Antibiotic resistance has become a major public health problem throughout the world. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in hospital wastewater is a cause for great concern today. In this study, 276 Staph. aureus isolates were recovered from hospital wastewater samples in Malaysia. All of the isolates were screened for susceptibility to nine different classes of antibiotics: ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid...

BACKGROUND: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen and infection with this organism causes illnesses such as bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. OBJECTIVES: Considering the lack of any information about the prevalence rate and the antibiotic resistance pattern of O157:H7 serotype in Tabriz, finding answers to the above mentioned subjects was among the goals of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred E...

Analysis of the antibioticograms of 22 strains of Vibrio cholerae non O1/non O139 serogroups (ctxA- tepA-) isolated from the environment in the Rostov Region in 2011 showed that all the cultures were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, ceftriaxone, trimetoprime/sulfamethoxazole and resistant to levomycetin and furazolidone. 32%, 18% and 9% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, rifampicin and nalidixic acid respectively. No strains of V. cholerae susceptible to all the tested antimicrobials were detected...

BACKGROUND: Whipple's disease is a rare, often multisystemic chronic infectious disease caused by the rod-shaped bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Very rarely the heart is involved in the process of the disease, leading to culture-negative infective endocarditis. Up to 20 % of all infective endocarditis are blood culture-negative and therefore a diagnostic challenge. We present two unusual cases of culture-negative infective endocarditis encountered in two different patients with prior history of arthralgia...

BACKGROUND: A good proportion of pregnant women patronize traditional birth homes in Nigeria for ante-natal care. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, risk factors, and susceptibility profile of etiologic agents of urinary tract infection among ante-natal attendees in a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: Clean-catch urine was collected from 220 pregnant women attending a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. Urine samples were processed, and microbial isolates identified using standard bacteriological procedures...

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains and antibiotic resistance of the isolates in raw milk and unpasteurized cheese. Out of 200 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of unpasteurized cheeses, 96 and 24 strains of E. coli were isolated, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the genes encoding heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa), heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb), heat labile toxin (LT) and enteroaggregative heat-stable toxin1 (EAST1)...

The aim of this work was to study the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from 146 ready-to-eat food of animal origin (cheeses, cured meats, sausages, smoked fishes). 58 strains were isolated, they were classified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 29), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 16); Staphylococcus lentus (n = 7); Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 4); Staphylococcus hyicus (n = 1) and Staphylococcus simulans (n = 1) by phenotypic and genotypic methods...

Inadequate and delayed antibiotic treatment of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates have been associated with increased mortality of affected patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the host response of human renal epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) cells when infected by ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates in the presence or absence of ineffective antibiotics. The renal epithelial cell line A498 and PMN cells were stimulated with ESBL-producing UPEC isolates in the presence or absence of three different antibiotics (trimetoprim, ceftibuten and ciprofloxacin)...

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is one of the infectious lung diseases diagnosed in HIV-infected patients. The pathogen responsible for the development of this opportunistic infection is an atypical fungus called Pneumocystis jiroveci. PCP remains the most common disorder diagnosed at the onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially in individuals not aware of their HIV infection. The most important risk factor of PCP development in HIV-infected person is the decrease of T CD4+ cell number below 200/mcL...

Acinetobacter spp. are opportunistic bacterial pathogens primarily associated with hospital-acquired infections and the spread of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter strains is a growing problem in terms of infection control. The aim of this study was to determine the clonal relationship between strains of nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii by using rep-PCR method. A total of 75 Acinetobacter strains isolated from various clinical samples of the hospitalized patients between October 2011-May 2012 were included in the study...

The contamination of seafood by bacteria of fecal origin, especially Escherichia coli, is a widely documented sanitary problem. The objective of the present study was to isolate E. coli strains from the gills, muscle, and body surface of farmed Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) fresh-marketed in supermarkets in Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil), to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics of different families (amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, cephalothin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim), and to determine the nature of resistance by plasmid curing...

Bacterial infections are common in children with cancer and can lead to life-threatening complications. Infections in these patients mainly occur during neutropenic periods, and may be caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The patients at highest risk of serious infections include those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and those undergoing myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). This is a review with the main aim of making a critical appraisal of the literature, and summarising what is currently known and can be recommended...

We report herein on a case with multiple MRSA prosthetic arthritis and osteomyelitis successfully treated medically. Our patient was a 64-year-old Japanese woman with a previous medical history of malignant rheumatoid arthritis and multiple surgical interventions with an atlantoaxial fixation in 2003, artificial joint replacement of both knee joints in 2006, and of the right hip joint in September, 2007. She was initially hospitalized due to MRSA arthritis in the right hip in October, 2007. Thereafter, multiple joint infections occurred sequentially in the right knee joint in January 2008 and the left hip joint in June 2008...

INTRODUCTION: Endocarditis is the most common cardiovascular manifestation of brucellosis with high mortality rate. Brucella is less accesable to antibiotic (but not for all) and relapse can occur after a various period of clinical latency. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old farmer was diagnozed with acute systemic Brucella infection in May 2008 and treated with antibiotic therapy in regional hospital for two months and for three months after discharge. He began to feel myalgia, arthralgia, malaise, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea and lost weight eight months after initial symptoms occured...

A total of 30 isolates of Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis isolated from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. were tested for susceptibility, in the form of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, against the following antibacterial agents: flumequine, oxolinic acid, ciprofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin sulphate, trimetoprim/sulphadiazine and rifampin. All the isolates had a low susceptibility to oxytetracycline, trimetoprim/sulphadiazine (Tribrissen®), erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin with MIC values of 64, 64 to 128, 16, 8 and 32 to 128 µg ml-1, respectively...

In the current study, in vitro inhibitory activity of several essential oils obtained from the cultivated plants, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita and M. spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, Satureja cuneifolia, and a number of individual essential oil components of terpene and aromatic types were screened against 10 isolated strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme, which makes this microorganism quite resistant against the antibiotics: trimetoprime-sulfametoksazol, sulbactam-ampicilin, clavulonate-amoxicilin, ceftriaxon, cefepime, imipenem, ceftazidime, tobramicine, gentamisine, ofloxacin, and ciprofloksasin...

In the present study, we describe an outbreak caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary-care hospital. Nosocomial blood-stream infections were detected in three patients hospitalized in NICU. Two of the cases were transferred to NICU due to premature birth and the other due to the presence of cleft palate and retrognathia. K.pneumoniae was isolated on the 5th day of hospitalization of the first patient from umbilical swab and blood culture; on the 15th day of hospitalization of the second patient from blood culture and on the 7th day of hospitalization of the third patient from blood culture...

This guideline is focused on the diagnostics and treatment of acute, recurrent and relapsing urinary tract infections in adults and children. Sexually transmitted diseases are not addressed, but must be considered in differential diagnostics. The resistance prevalence of the causative microbes and the ecological adverse effects of antimicrobial agents were considered important factors in selecting optimal therapeutic choices for the guideline. Diagnosis and management of cystitis in otherwise healthy women aged 18-65 years can be based on structured telephone interviews...

BACKGROUND: Pneumocystis jiroveci (old name Pneumocystis carini) can cause severe pneumonia in immune-compromised patients, most commonly those who are HIV infected. CASE REPORT: A 68-yr-old man, who eight years earlier had undergone trauma related splenectomy, was admitted to ITU after a cardiac arrest due to septic shock caused by unknown pathogen. He had been treated for three weeks with various antibiotics without improvement. On the second day after resuscitation, high concentration of lgM anti-Pneumocystis jivecii antibodies was found, and high-dose trimetoprim therapy was started and continued for two weeks, Further treatment was complicated by ventilator-associated pneumonia (Acinetobacter baumannii); the patient eventually recovered without any neurological sequelae, and was transferred to a low-dependency area after 4 weeks in ITU...