NOD1

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer (THCA) is a common endocrine malignancy. This study aimed to explore the expression of pyroptosis-related genes in THCA and establish a prognosis prediction model. METHODS: Differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (DEPRGs) were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Subsequently, these genes were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses...

OBJECTIVES: During innate immune defense, host pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), can activate downstream pathways by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns produced by microorganisms, triggering immune responses. NOD1, an important cell membrane protein in the NLR-like receptor protein family, exerts anti-infective effects through γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) recognition...

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C is a liver disease with high chronicity, the cause of cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The main obstacle to controlling hepatitis C is the lack of vaccines. The aim of the work was to compare the immunogenic activity of nonstructural recombinant proteins NS3, NS4 and NS5B of hepatitis C virus (HCV) as components of a subunit candidate vaccine and to analyze the adjuvant properties of two available commercial drugs, polymuramil and pyrogenalum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c, DBA/2J and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with nonstructural proteins without adjuvants or with polymuramyl (NOD1 and NOD2 agonist) and pyrogenalum (TLR-4 agonist)...

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine on the growth performance and systemic innate immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella pullorum. A total of 600 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were assigned randomly to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replicates for a 21-day feeding experiment. The experimental treatments were as follows: the control treatment (birds fed the basal diet), the Gln1 treatment, and the Gln 2 treatment (birds fed the basal diet supplemented with 0...

Allergen sensitization and high rates of concomitant allergic diseases are characteristic of severe pediatric asthma. The ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma model has been used to investigate the mechanism of allergic asthma. In this study, bioinformatics analysis found that the upregulation of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) gene expression in white blood cells from severe pediatric asthma patients compared with normal control subjects. AIM2 might be correlated with cellular immunologic response and the Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) pathway (inflammasome)...

The eye of vertebrates is constantly faced with numerous challenges from aquatic or airborne pathogens. As a crucial first line of defense, the ocular mucosa (OM) protects the visual organ from external threats in vertebrates such as birds and mammals. However, the understanding of ocular mucosal immunity in early vertebrates, such as teleost fish, remains limited, particularly concerning their resistance to bacterial infections. To gain insights into the pivotal role of the OM in antibacterial immunity among teleost fish, we developed a bacterial infection model using Flavobacterium columnare in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )...

CONTEXT: Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It had been approved that lymph node metastasis was associated with poor prognosis in PTMC patients. OBJECTIVE: We aim to characterize Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC) transcriptome landscape and identify the candidate transcripts that associated with lateral neck lymph node metastasis of PTMC. METHODS: We performed full-length transcriptome sequencing in 64 PTMC samples...

In human cells, receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is mainly known to mediate downstream enzymatic cascades from the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing receptors 1 and 2 (NOD1/2), which are regulators of pro-inflammatory signaling. Thus, the targeted inhibition of RIPK2 has been proposed as a pharmacological strategy for the treatment of a variety of pathologies, in particular inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this work, we designed and developed novel thieno[2,3d]pyrimidine derivatives, in order to explore their activity and selectivity as RIPK2 inhibitors...

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is highly related with asthma from the epidemiology to pathogenesis, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we aimed to reveal the shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms underlying the coexistence of OSAS and asthma and verified relating pathway in mouse models. We downloaded GSE75097 of OSAS and GSE165934 of asthma from GEO database and performed differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and potential pathogenic pathway...

Uncovering the mechanisms regulating hematopoietic specification not only would overcome current limitations related to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation, but also advance cellular immunotherapies. However, generating functional human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived HSPCs and their derivatives has been elusive, necessitating a better understanding of the developmental mechanisms that trigger HSPC specification. Here, we reveal that early activation of the Nod1-Ripk2-NF-kB inflammatory pathway in endothelial cells (ECs) primes them to switch fate towards definitive hemogenic endothelium, a pre-requisite to specify HSPCs...

Aberrant differentiation of progenitor cells in the hematopoietic system is known to severely impact host immune responsiveness. Here we demonstrate that NOD1, a cytosolic innate sensor of bacterial peptidoglycan, also functions in murine hematopoietic cells as a major regulator of both the generation and differentiation of lymphoid progenitors as well as peripheral T lymphocyte homeostasis. We further show that NOD1 mediates these functions by facilitating STAT5 signaling downstream of hematopoietic cytokines...

Sebocytes express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), which participate in the innate immune response of the skin. Although the roles of TLRs and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in inflammatory responses in sebocytes have been reported, the expression and functions of other NLR members, such as NOD protein-1 and -2 (NOD1 and NOD2, respectively), remain unclear. In this study, we showed that, in sebocytes, the expression of NOD1 is higher than that of NOD2, and that NOD1 is involved in inflammatory responses, such as the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae establishes tight interactions with mucosal epithelia through activity of its type IV pilus, while pilus-retraction forces furthermore activate autophagic responses towards invading gonococci. Here we studied pilus-independent epithelial cell responses and showed that pilus-negative gonococci residing in early and late endosomes are detected and targeted by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1). NOD1 subsequently forms a complex with immunity-related guanosine triphosphatase M (IRGM) and autophagy related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) to activate autophagy and recruit microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) to the intracellular bacteria...

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe immune-mediated stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that is rapidly becoming the most common etiology requiring liver transplantation (LT), with Hispanics bearing a disproportionate burden. This study aimed to uncover the underlying immune mechanisms of the disparities experienced by Hispanic patients undergoing LT for NASH. METHODS: We enrolled 164 LT recipients in our institutional review board-approved study, 33 of whom presented with NASH as the primary etiology of LT (20%), with 16 self-reported as Hispanic (48%)...

BACKGROUND: Septic cardiomyopathy (SC) is characterized by myocardial dysfunction caused by sepsis and constitutes one of the serious complications of sepsis. Pyroptosis is a unique proinflammatory programmed cell death process. However, the role of pyroptosis in the development of SC remains unclear, and further study is required. The purpose of this study is to identify pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in SC and explore the mechanism of pyroptosis involved in the regulation of SC formation and progression...

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses...

BACKGROUND: E. coli O83 (Colinfant Newborn) is a Gram-negative (G-) probiotic bacterium used in the clinic. When administered orally, it reduces allergic sensitisation but not allergic asthma. Intranasal administration offers a non-invasive and convenient delivery method. This route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and provides direct access to the airways, which are the target of asthma prevention. G- bacteria such as E. coli O83 release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to communicate with the environment...

Aim: To identify the pyroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ovarian cancer and construct a prognostic signature based on them. Methods: Expression data from TCGA was used to explore differentially expressed pyroptosis-related lncRNAs in ovarian cancer. A risk signature was established by LASSO and cox regression analysis and then validated. Databases such as ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, TIMER, XCELL were used to identify the relation between this signature and the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer...

Receptor interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a downstream signaling molecule essential for the activation of several innate immune receptors, including the NOD-like receptors (NOD1 and NOD2). Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern proteins by NOD1/2 leads to their interaction with RIPK2, which induces release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, among others. Thus, RIPK2 has emerged as a key mediator of intracellular signal transduction and represents a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various conditions, including inflammatory diseases and cancer...

Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative disease of the joints, has one of the highest disability rates worldwide. This study investigates the role of pyroptosis-related genes in osteoarthritis and their expression in different chondrocyte subtypes at the individual cell level. Using OA-related datasets for single-cell RNA sequencing and RNA-seq, the study identified PRDEGs and DEGs and conducted Cox regression analysis to identify independent prognostic factors for OA. CASP6, NOD1, and PYCARD were found to be prognostic factors...