organophosphate poisoning

INTRODUCTION: Poison is defined as any chemical that has the potential to affect or harm human physiology due to its chemical activity. Poisoning is becoming a major preventable public health issue in many countries, including Ethiopia. There is a variation in acute poisoning mortality among the existing evidence in Ethiopia. This study aims to determine the pooled mortality rate from acute poisoning and its predictors in Ethiopia. METHODS: We searched available evidence of acute poisoning mortality in databases such as PubMed, Hinari, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and other search engines...

The most common pesticide agents are organophosphates and phosphides, aluminum phosphide (ALP) in particular. ALP is a major cause of suicidal poisoning in many countries. In other countries, the problem of accidental, mainly occupational-related, poisoning is also real and actual. Almost two thirds of individuals in poisoning cases have died. This case report describes a case of a patient with accidental ALP intoxication. The origin of the poisoning was the fumigation of stored grain in an agricultural building adjacent to the building in which patient was temporarily housed, while both buildings were connected by an underground corridor, through which the released poison gas penetrated...

( R , S )- and ( S )-ketamine have made significant progress in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and have become a research focus in recent years. However, they both have risks of psychomimetic effects, dissociative effects, and abuse liability, which limit their clinical use. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that ( R )-ketamine has a more efficient and lasting antidepressant effect with fewer side effects compared to ( R , S )- and ( S )-ketamine. However, a recent small-sample randomized controlled trial found that although ( R )-ketamine has a lower incidence of adverse reactions in adult TRD treatment, its antidepressant efficacy is not superior to the placebo group, indicating its antidepressant advantage still needs further verification and clarification...

Previously we reported two salicylaldoxime conjugates (L7R3 and L7R5) showing equal or even higher reactivating efficiency for both organophosphorus nerve agent and pesticide inhibited acetylcholinesterase in comparison to obidoxime and HI-6. In this study, L7R3 and L7R5 were selected as lead compounds and refined by employing a fragment-based drug design strategy, and a total of 32 novel salicylaldoxime conjugates were constructed and screened for DFP and paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. The findings demonstrate that the conjugate L73R3, which contains a 4-nitrophenyl group, exhibited a higher reactivation efficacy against paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase compared to obidoxime and HI-6...

The aerotoxic syndrome has been associated with exposure to tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is used as additive in hydraulic fluids and engine lubricants. The toxic metabolite 2-(2-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (CBDP) is formed from the TCP isomer tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) in vivo and is known to react with the active site serine in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) resulting in the inhibition of the enzymes. Previous in vitro studies showed pronounced species differences in the inhibition kinetics of cholinesterases by organophosphorus compounds (OP), which must be considered in the development of relevant animal models for the investigation of OP poisoning and the aerotoxic syndrome...

Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic pesticides and nerve agents widely used in agriculture and chemical warfare. The extensive use of these chemicals has severe environmental implications, such as contamination of soil, water bodies, and food chains, thus endangering ecosystems and biodiversity. Plants absorb pesticide residues, which then enter the food chain and accumulate in the body fat of both humans and animals. Numerous human cases of OP poisoning have been linked to both acute and long-term exposure to these toxic OP compounds...

VX is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and while it is one of the most toxic AChE inhibitors known the extent of metabolism in humans is not currently well understood. The known metabolism in humans is limited to the metabolite identification from a single victim of the Osaka poisoning in 1994, which allowed for the identification of several metabolic products. VX has been reported to be metabolized in vitro by paraoxonase-1 and phosphotriesterase, although their binding constants are many orders of magnitude above the LD50 , suggesting limited physiological relevance...

Chemical warfare nerve agents and pesticides, known as organophosphorus compounds inactivate cholinesterases (ChEs) by phosphorylating the serine hydroxyl group located at the active site of ChEs. Over the course of time, phosphorylation is followed by loss of an organophosphate-leaving group and the bond with ChEs becomes irreversible, a process known as aging. Differently, structurally related irreversible catalytic poisons bearing sulfur instead of phosphorus convert ChEs in its aged form only by covalently binding to the key catalytic serine...

Organophosphorus agents are easily absorbed via respiratory, gastrointestinal, and dermal routes, and inhibit the acetylcholine transferase enzyme (AChE), which is responsible for the majority of toxicity caused by organophosphates in the body. A comprehensive search was conducted across three prominent databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct, to identify relevant articles published. The search focused on the keywords "MgSO4" or "magnesium sulfate" in conjunction with "organophosphate" or "organophosphate poisoning...

Organophosphorus poisoning is a critical condition that can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death early on. As its clinical manifestations closely resemble those of carbamate pesticide poisoning, the aim of this case study is to present a case of misdiagnosis, initially identifying carbofuran poisoning as organophosphate in a patient suspect of a heatstroke. We also present a case of intentional self-poisoning with organophosphate dichlorvos to underline the likelihood of pesticide poisoning in patients exhibiting acute cholinergic symptoms when the ingested substance is not known...

Acute poisoning with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs), such as OP nerve agents and pesticides, can cause life threatening cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE). Survivors often experience significant morbidity, including brain injury, acquired epilepsy, and cognitive deficits. Current medical countermeasures for acute OP poisoning include a benzodiazepine to mitigate seizures. Diazepam was long the benzodiazepine included in autoinjectors used to treat OP-induced seizures, but it is now being replaced in many guidelines by midazolam, which terminates seizures more quickly, particularly when administered intramuscularly...

Organophosphate poisoning is a significant global health concern with implications for both occupational and environmental settings. This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the biochemical basis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and long-term effects of organophosphate exposure. The acute phase is characterized by cholinergic crisis, respiratory distress, and neurological manifestations, while delayed complications include the intermediate syndrome and organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy...

The H1 -antihistamine diphenhydramine antagonizes cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning in various animal species. One aspect of acute antidotal actions of diphenhydramine is increasing the median lethal doses (LD50) of toxicants. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the antidotal action of diphenhydramine against short-term toxicity (LD50) of cholinesterase inhibitors in experimental animals. The experimental studies selected were according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines...

In India, organophosphorus (OP) chemicals known as anticholinesterases cause a considerable amount of disease and mortality. While precise figures are unavailable, data from hospitals indicates that about 50% of acute poisoning episodes are attributed to organophosphates. Anticholinesterases, when accidentally or suicidally exposed, cause three different neurological disorders. The first is an acute cholinergic crisis that can be fatal and necessitates administration in an intensive care unit; the second is an intermediate syndrome that frequently results in cranial nerve palsies, proximal and respiratory muscle weakness, and respiratory support for patients; and the third is a delayed organophosphate-induced polyneuropathy...

Current treatments against organophosphate poisoning (OPP) do not directly address effects mediated by the overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Non-oxime bispyridinium compounds (BPC) promote acetylcholine esterase-independent recovery of organophosphate-induced paralysis. Here, we test the hypothesis that they act by positive modulatory action on nAChRs. Using two-electrode voltage clamp analysis in combination with mutagenesis and molecular docking analysis, the potency and molecular mode of action of a series of nine BPCs was investigated on human α7 and muscle-type nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes...

INTRODUCTION: Organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) stands as a significant health concern in numerous regions, especially in developing nations. Despite the rising complexities and case fatalities associated with exposure, the treatment approach has remained unchanged for many years. Based on clinical insights, certain pharmacologic agents have demonstrated utility in enhancing outcomes and reducing complications arising from this type of exposure. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to compare the outcome of N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning cases...

Intoxications with organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) effect a severe impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission that, as a result of overstimulation may lead to desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and finally to death due to respiratory paralysis. So far, therapeutics, that are capable to address and revert desensitized neuromuscular nAChRs into their resting, i.e. functional state are still missing. Still, among a class of compounds termed bispyridinium salts, which are characterized by the presence of two pyridinium subunits, constituents have been identified, that can counteract organophosphate poisoning by resensitizing desensitized nAChRs...

Pralidoxime is the only oxime antidote to organophosphate poisoning stocked in the United Kingdom, produced by rational drug design in the 1950s. Typically, it is used alongside atropine, to reverse the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, its efficacy has been questioned by recent meta-analyses of use treating attempted suicides in less economically developed countries, where organophosphate poisoning is more common. This policy analysis assesses the likely efficacy of pralidoxime in the United Kingdom, in scenarios largely different from those evaluated in meta-analyses...

Organophosphate poisoning is a common, under-reported cause of attempted and completed suicide worldwide. Following the resolution of the acute cholinergic syndrome, patients may develop respiratory muscle and proximal limb weakness, known as intermediate syndrome. A young man was brought to our rural hospital unconscious, in extremis, due to organophosphate pesticide poisoning. He developed atypical intermediate syndrome with global paralysis, persistent fasciculations and prolonged cholinergic symptoms, differing from the recognised presentation...

Organophosphate insecticide spray poses potential threat of contamination of environmental components their accumulation in aquatic organisms. Although various physiological deficits associated with their exposure in fishes are documented, yet their retention in their edible muscle tissues has been poorly studied. In this context, the study was undertaken to ascertain the bioaccumulation of two organophosphate insecticide compounds (dimethoate and chlorpyrifos) in the muscles of juvenile Cyprinus carpio . The study could provide insight into the risks to human health associated with consuming contaminated fish flesh...