review children

Fears and phobias are a common mental health concern for youth, and particularly for autistic youth. The following review briefly summarizes the extant literature on specific phobias and specific phobias in autistic youth. The evidence base is briefly highlighted pointing to the strong base behind behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments and techniques. A broad discussion of key evidence-based treatment findings is presented, leading up to the impactful work of Thomas H. Ollendick in researching Öst's One-Session Treatment (OST) with children and adolescents...

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can have an inherent vulnerability to dehydration. Younger children are unable to freely access water, and CKD aetiology and stage can associate with reduced kidney concentrating capacity, which can also impact risk. This article aims to review the risk factors and consequences of mild dehydration and underhydration in CKD, with a particular focus on evidence for risk of CKD progression. We discuss that assessment of dehydration in the CKD population is more challenging than in the healthy population, thus complicating the definition of adequate hydration and clinical research in this field...

Craniomaxillofacial vascular anomalies encompass a diverse and complex set of pathologies that may have a profound impact on pediatric patients. They are subdivided into vascular tumors and vascular malformations depending on biological properties, clinical course, and distribution patterns. Given the complexity and potential for leading to significant functional morbidity and esthetic concerns, a multidisciplinary approach is generally necessary to optimize patient outcomes. This article reviews the etiology, clinical course, diagnosis, and current management practices related to vascular anomalies in the head and neck...

BACKGROUND: Some children and adolescents can develop persistent pain and instability following inversion injuries of the ankle. In these cases, imaging exams could reveal small bone fragments distal to the lateral malleolus. For these patients, regular conservative treatment may not be successful, requiring additional management, which can include surgical treatment. This study aimed to present the short-to-midterm functional and clinical outcomes of a series of 12 pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent ligament repair surgery due to chronic instability associated with the presence of osseous components in the lateral ligaments...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The association of hypouricemia and hypercalciuria is rare. In 1974 a new syndrome named Hypouricemia with hypercalciuria and decreased bone density was described. Afterwards, some cases with such association were published in which the fractional excretion of urate was higher than 20ml/100ml FGR. We have analyzed a series of children who were diagnosed with hypouricemia and hypercalciuria and who were monitored. The aim of this study was to determine whether our patients could be affected by the aforementioned syndrome or be carriers of a variant of idiopathic hypercalciuria...

INTRODUCTION: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. FASD is associated with neurodevelopmental deviations, and 50%-94% of children with FASD meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth edition diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There is a paucity of evidence around medication efficacy for ADHD symptoms in children with FASD. This series of N-of-1 trials aims to provide pilot data on the feasibility of conducting N-of-1 trials in children with FASD and ADHD...

Food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing is implicated in poor diet and obesity in children. The rapid growth and proliferation of digital marketing has resulted in dramatic changes to advertising practices and children's exposure. The constantly evolving and data-driven nature of digital food marketing presents substantial challenges for researchers seeking to quantify the impact on children and for policymakers tasked with designing and implementing restrictive policies. We outline the latest evidence on children's experience of the contemporary digital food marketing ecosystem, conceptual frameworks guiding digital food marketing research, the impact of digital food marketing on dietary outcomes, and the methods used to determine impact, and we consider the key research and policy challenges and priorities for the field...

The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on children continue to evolve following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has become rare, long-standing symptoms stemming from persistent immune activation beyond the resolution of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection contribute to major health sequelae and continue to pose an economic burden. Shared pathophysiologic mechanisms place MIS-C and long COVID within a vast spectrum of postinfectious conditions characterized by intestinal dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation...

INTRODUCTION: Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS), or veno-occlusive disease (VOD), of the liver has been recognized as a complex, life-threatening complication in the post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) setting. The diagnostic criteria for SOS have evolved over the last several decades with a greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, with two recent diagnostic criteria introduced in 2018 (EBMT criteria) and 2020 (Cairo criteria). OBJECTIVE: We sought out to evaluate the performance characteristics in diagnosing and grading SOS in pediatric patients of the four different diagnostic criteria (Baltimore, Modified Seattle, EBMT, and Cairo) and severity grading systems (defined by the EBMT and Cairo criteria)...

BACKGROUND: Given the protective effect of nurturing caregivers and families for child and adolescent mental health, there is a need to review and synthesize research evidence regarding the effectiveness of parenting and family interventions in low and middle-income countries, including humanitarian settings. To advance practice, further understanding of the active ingredients of such interventions and implementation factors that lead to effectiveness are essential. METHOD: This systematic review, an update from a previous review, included studies on any parenting or family intervention for children and adolescents aged 0-24, living in a low- or middle-income country, that quantitatively measured child or adolescent mental health outcomes...

Treatment adherence, defined as the degree to which the patient actively follows the plan of care, is very difficult for subjects undergoing ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs). This is a relevant issue because adherence to dietary therapies is considered 1 of the primary determinants of the treatment's success. This paper aimed to review the literature evidence about KDT adherence according to age and diagnosis of patients. Performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method, this systematic review included clinical trials and observational studies...

PURPOSE: To synthesise qualitative research on the parental hope experiences for children with cancer and identify the levels of parental hope experiences and psychosocial adjustment during cancer events. METHODS: Five electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL) and three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP) were used to retrieve qualitative studies on the hope experiences of parents of children with cancer from inception to February 2023...

BACKGROUND: Approximately 10% of people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) have brain vascular malformations (VMs). Few reports describe de novo brain VM formation. International HHT Guidelines recommend initial brain VM screening upon HHT diagnosis in children but do not address rescreening. We aimed to confirm whether brain VMs can form de novo in patients with HHT. METHODS: The Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium HHT project is a 17-center longitudinal study enrolling patients since 2010...

BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends of presentation, management and pathology findings in patients who underwent an appendicectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. METHOD: The retrospective study reviewed patients (n = 939 adults and n = 329 children) who had an appendicectomy performed for suspected acute appendicitis and histopathology assessment in the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland. Pre-COVID-19 (March 2019 to February 2020) and COVID-19 Year 1 (March 2020 to February 2021) data were compared...

BACKGROUND: Preconception health provides an opportunity to examine a woman's health status and address modifiable risk factors that can impact both a woman's and her child's health once pregnant. In this review, we aimed to investigate the preconception risk factors and interventions of early pregnancy and its impact on adverse maternal, perinatal and child health outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to include relevant literature identified from electronic databases...

CONTEXT: Apparently, the consumption of resistant-starch food sources, such as green banana biomass, stimulates the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid intestinal bacteria producers, which can contribute to intestinal health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, the available scientific evidence is scarce and no study has systematically evaluated such evidence. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the potential effects of green banana biomass on anthropometry, body composition, and biochemical and intestinal variables in humans and animals...

PURPOSE: Over the past several decades, numerous articles have been published on brainstem tumors. However, there has been limited bibliometric analysis in this field. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to elucidate the evolution and current status of brainstem tumor research. METHODS: We retrieved 5525 studies published in English between 1992 and 2023 from the Web of Science Core Collection database. We employed bibliometric tools and VOSviewer to conduct the analysis...

BACKGROUND: Research has consistently shown that some children are more vulnerable at the time of school readiness. Better understanding the characteristics of these children is therefore important. Most studies have used a variable-based approach, which may mask the presence of small but important subgroups of children with mixed patterns of readiness strengths and weaknesses. Identifying subgroups with mixed readiness patterns using a person-centered approach matters because their developmental trajectories might differ in important ways from children with broader difficulties across all readiness domains...

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INTRODUCTION: The dextroamphetamine transdermal system (d-ATS) is a stimulant patch recently approved by the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). AREAS COVERED: The composition of the d-ATS, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism are presented along with data from dermal trials evaluating the tolerability of patch application at various skin sites. Efficacy and safety data from a laboratory classroom study in children and adolescents including effect sizes are assessed...