Thyroid autoimmunity

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) is a rare condition defined as encephalopathy with a positive antithyroid antibody. We report the case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with Parkinsonism associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A few similar cases have been reported. Our patient responded well to corticosteroids with a significant reduction in symptoms. Diagnosis can pose a significant challenge in SREAT cases because of its variable clinical presentation...

Catatonia is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome that affects emotion, speech, movement and complex behaviour. It can occur in a wide range of psychiatric and neurological conditions, including depression, mania, schizophrenia, autism, autoimmune encephalitis (particularly NMDAR encephalitis), systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, epilepsy and medication-induced and -withdrawal states. This concise guideline highlights key recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) Catatonia Guideline, published in April 2023...

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are common autoimmune endocrine disorders in children. Studies indicate that apart from environmental factors, genetic background significantly contributes to the development of these diseases. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Il7R, CD226, CAPSL, and CLEC16A genes in children with autoimmune thyroid diseases. We analyzed SNPs at the locus rs3194051, rs6897932 of IL7R, rs763361 of CD226, rs1010601 of CAPSL, and rs725613 of CLEC16A gene in 56 HT patients, 124 GD patients, and 156 healthy children...

One of the probable hypotheses for the onset of autoimmunity is molecular mimicry. This study aimed to determine the HLA-II risk alleles for developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) in order to analyze the molecular homology between candidate pathogen-derived epitopes and potentially self-antigens (thyroid peroxidase, TPO) based on the presence of HLA risk alleles. HLA-DRB1/-DQB1 genotyping was performed in 100 HT patients and 330 ethnically matched healthy controls to determine the predisposing/protective alleles for HT disease...

Multiple autoimmune syndrome is a manifestation of polyautoimmunity with the co-occurrence of three or more autoimmune diseases in a single patient. We report a unique case of a 55-year-old female patient that presented with four autoimmune diseases: autoimmune thyroid disease, vitiligo, morphea, and lichen sclerosus. She was evaluated for progression of morphea and lichen sclerosus, and we confirmed histopathological overlapping of these two diseases in the same lesion. We discuss the increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases and similar case reports on dermatological polyautoimmunity...

BACKGROUND: Despite adequate hormone substitution in Hashimoto disease, some patients may have persistent symptoms with a possible autoimmune pathophysiology. A recent randomized trial (RCT) using patient-reported outcome measures as the primary endpoint showed benefit in total thyroidectomy, but at a cost of high complication rates. OBJECTIVE: To verify results from the RCT in an observational study including a wider range of patients and explore means of predicting who may benefit from such surgery...

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are prevalent disorders, primarily encompassing Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Despite their common occurrence, the etiology of AITDs remains elusive. Th9 cells, a new subset of CD4+T cells with immunomodulatory properties, have been linked to the development of various autoimmune diseases. However, research on the role of Th9 cells in AITDs is limited. METHODS: We investigated the expression of Th9 cells,their functional cytokine IL-9, and transcription factor IRF4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma of AITD patients and healthy controls...

INTRODUCTION: Female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs) have received little attention in the context of thyroid diseases, despite the high prevalence of both conditions. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to update and summarize the state of knowledge on the association between thyroid diseases and FSDs and to investigate the complex mechanisms through which thyroid hormone imbalance can impact female sexual health in the context of the biopsychosocial model. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed through the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases, using the following keywords: "female sexual function," "sexual dysfunction," "hypoactive sexual desire disorder," "thyroid disease," "thyroiditis," "hypothyroidism," and "hyperthyroidism...

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and/or anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) positivity at baseline is a risk marker for thyroid immune-related adverse events (thyroid-irAEs) in anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody (PD-1-Ab) treatment; however, it is unknown if TgAb and TPOAb titers are associated with clinical characteristics of thyroid-irAEs. Among 586 patients treated with PD-1-Ab at Nagoya University Hospital between 2 November 2015 and 30 September 2021, 57 patients developed thyroid-irAEs (thyrotoxicosis [n = 38]; hypothyroidism without prior thyrotoxicosis {isolated hypothyroidism} [n = 19]) in whom thyroid function, and TgAb and TPOAb titers were determined at baseline and at the onset...

OBJECTIVE: Onset and exacerbation of autoimmune, inflammatory or steroid-responsive conditions have been reported following the remission of Cushing syndrome, leading to challenges in distinguishing a new condition versus expected symptomatology following remission. We describe a case of a 42-year-old man presenting with new-onset sarcoidosis diagnosed 12 months following the surgical cure of Cushing syndrome and synthesise existing literature reporting on de novo conditions presenting after Cushing syndrome remission...

INTRODUCTION: Infertility affects 8-12% of couples worldwide, with 15-30% classified as unexplained infertility (UI). Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), the most common autoimmune disorder in women of reproductive age, may impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study focuses on intrauterine insemination (IUI) and its potential association with TAI in UI patients. It is the first meta-analysis following a comprehensive literature review to improve result accuracy and reliability...

The role of infections in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has long been recognized and reported. In addition to infectious agents, the internal composition of the "friendly" living bacteria, (microbiome) and its correlation to immune balance and dysregulation have drawn the attention of researchers for decades. Nevertheless, only recently, scientific papers regarding the potential role of transferring microbiome from healthy donor subjects to patients with autoimmune diseases has been proposed. Fecal microbiota transplantation or FMT, carries the logic of transferring microorganisms responsible for immune balance from healthy donors to individuals with immune dysregulation or more accurately for our paper, autoimmune diseases...

As a common hyperglycemic disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complicated disorder that requires a lifelong insulin supply due to the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. Although it is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder, T1DM is often associated with multiple other autoimmune disorders. The most prevalent concomitant autoimmune disorder occurring in T1DM is autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which mainly exhibits two extremes of phenotypes: hyperthyroidism [Graves' disease (GD)] and hypo-thyroidism [Hashimoto's thyroiditis, (HT)]...

BACKGROUND: There is no doubt that both Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' disease are autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), but the relationship between anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and AITDs is poorly studied. The association between thyroid autoantibody levels and ANA positivity was evaluated to assess the role of ANA in AITDs. METHODS: We conducted an analysis using data from 1,149,893 patients registered at our hospital and 53,021 patients registered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey databases...

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disorder with diverse clinical manifestations including myelitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and optic neuritis. MOGAD rarely presents with unilateral cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE), rendering the diagnosis difficult in these cases. Furthermore, MOGAD is frequently accompanied by other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we report a case of unilateral CCE with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies...

BACKGROUND: Graves' disease is the autoimmune activation of the thyroid gland causing diffuse enlargement and hyperfunction of the gland. Manifestations of Graves' disease are multisystemic and include thyroid orbitopathy; pretibial myxedema, also referred to as thyroid dermopathy; and thyroid acropachy, described as a severe form of thyroid dermopathy. Our paper focuses on an atypical case of thyroid dermopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old Saudi male presented with a prominent diffuse goiter and exophthalmos...

BACKGROUND: The European literature has reported high variability in the incidence and prevalence rates of myasthenia gravis (MG), but no specific epidemiological data for France have been published. This study aimed to assess the incidence and prevalence rates of myasthenia gravis in France based on data extracted from the French National Health Insurance Claims Database (the SNIIRAM database). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective repeated cross-sectional population study from 2008 to 2018 using a representative sample of the French population (Échantillon généraliste des bénéficiaires) covered by health insurance...

INTRODUCTION: Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder observed in a substantial proportion of patients with Graves' disease (GD), with debilitating symptoms of disfiguring, periorbital pain, dry eyes, diplopia, and even visual disturbances. Previous studies involving Western populations have noted discrepancies in risk factors for GO. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the risk factors for GO development and the protective effect of statins in newly diagnosed patients with GD in Taiwan...

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer represents the most prevalent malignant endocrine tumour, with rising incidence worldwide and high mortality rates among patients exhibiting dedifferentiation and metastasis. Effective biomarkers and therapeutic interventions are warranted in aggressive thyroid malignancies. The transcription factor 19 (TCF19) gene has been implicated in conferring a malignant phenotype in cancers. However, its contribution to thyroid neoplasms remains unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we performed genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies to identify a potential causal relationship between TCF19 and thyroid cancer...

BACKGROUND: A substantial majority of women in India report experiencing stress frequently, with a significant number indicating a lack of time for relaxation. Women within a central productive age bracket often report higher stress levels. Chronic stress can lead to the development of autoimmune disorders affecting the thyroid gland. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between perceived stress and thyroid function among apparently normal women of reproductive age...