heterodimetallic

Dioxygen is widely used in nature as oxidant. Nature itself has served as inspiration to use O2 in chemical synthesis. However, the use of dioxygen as an oxidant is not straightforward. Its triplet ground-state electronic structure makes it unreactive toward most organic substrates. In natural systems, metalloenzymes activate O2 by reducing it to more reactive peroxide (O2(2-)) or superoxide (O2(-)) forms. Over the years, the development of model systems containing transition metals has become a convenient tool for unravelling O2-activation mechanistic aspects and reproducing the oxidative activity of enzymes...

By means of a combined experimental and theoretical approach, the electronic features and chemical behavior of metalla-N-heterocyclic carbenes (MNHCs, N-heterocyclic carbenes containing a metal atom within the heterocyclic skeleton) have been established and compared with those of classical NHCs. MNHCs are strongly basic (proton affinity and pK(a) values around 290 kcal mol(-1) and 36, respectively) with a narrow singlet-triplet gap (around 23 kcal mol(-1)). MNHCs can be generated from the corresponding metalla-imidazolium salts and trapped by addition of transition-metal complexes affording the corresponding heterodimetallic dicarbene derivatives, which can serve as carbene transfer agents...

A novel unsymmetric dinucleating ligand (L(N3N4)) combining a tridentate and a tetradentate binding sites linked through a m-xylyl spacer was synthesized as ligand scaffold for preparing homo- and dimetallic complexes, where the two metal ions are bound in two different coordination environments. Site-selective binding of different metal ions is demonstrated. L(N3N4) is able to discriminate between Cu(I) and a complementary metal (M' = Cu(I), Zn(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), or Ga(III)) so that pure heterodimetallic complexes with a general formula [Cu(I)M'(L(N3N4))](n+) are synthesized...

Mixed-metal uranium compounds are very attractive candidates in the design of single-molecule magnets (SMMs), but only one 3d-5f hetero-polymetallic SMM containing a uranium center is known. Herein, we report two trimeric heterodimetallic 3d-5f complexes self-assembled by cation-cation interactions between a uranyl(V) complex and a TPA-capped M(II)  complex (M=Mn (1), Cd (2); TPA=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine). The metal centers were strategically chosen to promote the formation of discrete molecules rather than extended chains...

In this mini-review, we briefly discuss the physical origin of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) before illustrating its application using dinuclear metallohydrolases as exemplary systems. The systems we have selected for illustrative purposes present a challenging problem for XAS, one that is ideal to demonstrate the potential of this methodology for structure/function studies of metalloenzymes in general. When the metal ion is redox active, XAS provides a sensitive measure of oxidation-state-dependent differences...

A major challenge for realizing quantum computation is finding suitable systems to embody quantum bits (qubits) and quantum gates (qugates) in a robust and scalable architecture. An emerging bottom-up approach uses the electronic spins of lanthanides. Universal qugates may then be engineered by arranging in a molecule two interacting and different lanthanide ions. Preparing heterometallic lanthanide species is, however, extremely challenging. We have discovered a method to obtain [LnLn'] complexes with the appropriate requirements...

Fluorinated alkoxide ligands RO(-) (R=CH(CF3 )2 ) are the key to the isolation of compounds of the type [Cp2 Mo(OR)2 ]. When electron-donating groups R are employed, the Mo(OR)2 moiety can, and necessarily has to, serve as a ligand for Lewis acidic fragments, allowing the isolation and structural characterization of the first heterodimetallic alkoxide containing a Bi and a Mo center (1).

In an effort to characterize the roles of each metal ion in metallo-β-lactamase NDM-1, heterodimetallic analogues (CoCo-, ZnCo-, and CoCd-) of the enzyme were generated and characterized. UV-vis, (1)H NMR, EPR, and EXAFS spectroscopies were used to confirm the fidelity of the metal substitutions, including the presence of a homogeneous, heterodimetallic cluster, with a single-atom bridge. This marks the first preparation of a metallo-β-lactamase selectively substituted with a paramagnetic metal ion, Co(II), either in the Zn1 (CoCd-NDM-1) or in the Zn2 site (ZnCo-NDM-1), as well as both (CoCo-NDM-1)...

Catalytic hydrodefluorination of organic molecules is a major organometallic challenge, owing to the strength of C-F sigma bonds, and it is a process with multiple industrial applications. Here we report a new heterodimetallic ruthenium-palladium complex based on a triazolyl-di-ylidene ligand. The complex is remarkably active in the hydrodefluorination of aromatic and aliphatic carbon-fluorine bonds under mild reaction conditions. We observe that both metals are required to promote the reaction process. The overall process implies that the palladium fragment facilitates the C-F activation, whereas the ruthenium centre allows the reduction of the substrate via transfer hydrogenation from isopropanol/sodium t-butoxide...

Four heterodimetallic complexes [Ru(Fcdpb)(L)](PF6) (Fcdpb=2-deprotonated form of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)-5-ferrocenylbenzene; L=2,6-bis-(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)-pyridine (Mebip), 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy), 4-nitro-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (NO2tpy), and trimethyl-4,4',4''-tricarboxylate-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Me3tctpy)) have been prepared. The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of these complexes have been examined in CH2Cl2, CH3NO2, CH3CN, and acetone. These complexes display two consecutive redox couples owing to the stepwise oxidation of the ferrocene (Fc) and ruthenium units, respectively...

A triazolyl-di-ylidene ligand has been used for the preparation of a homodimetallic complex of gold, and a heterodimetallic compound of gold and iridium. Both complexes have been fully characterized and their molecular structures have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The catalytic properties of these two complexes have been evaluated in the reduction of nitroarenes by transfer hydrogenation using primary alcohols. The two complexes afford different reaction products; whereas the Au(I)-Au(I) catalyst yields a hydroxylamine, the Ir(III)-Au(I) complex facilitates the formation of an imine...

A dinucleating macrocycle, H(2)PIM, containing phenoxylimine metal-binding units has been prepared. Reaction of H(2)PIM with [Fe(2)(Mes)(4)] (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) and sterically hindered carboxylic acids, Ph(3)CCO(2)H or Ar(Tol)CO(2)H (2,6-bis(p-tolyl)benzoic acid), afforded complexes [Fe(2)(PIM)(Ph(3)CCO(2))(2)] (1) and [Fe(2)(PIM)(Ar(Tol)CO(2))(2)] (2), respectively. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that these diiron(II) complexes closely mimic the active site structures of the hydroxylase components of bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs), particularly the syn disposition of the nitrogen donor atoms and the bridging μ-η(1)η(2) and μ-η(1)η(1) modes of the carboxylate ligands at the diiron(II) centers...

The reaction of 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenylpyrazine (dpdpz) with K(2)PtCl(4) in a mixture of acetonitrile and water afforded mono-Pt complex (dpdpz)PtCl(2)4 in good yield, with two lateral pyridine nitrogen atoms binding to the metal center. Two types of Ru(II)-Pt(II) heterodimetallic complexes bridged by dpdpz, namely, [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpdpz)Pt(C≡CC(6)H(4)R)](2+) (7-9, R = H, NMe(2), or Cl, respectively) and [(tpy)Ru(dpdpz)Pt(C≡CPh)] (+) (12), were then designed and prepared, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and tpy = 2,2';6',2''-terpyridine...

The bonding situation of homonuclear and heteronuclear metal-metal multiple bonds in R(3)M-M'R(3) (M, M' = Cr, Mo, W; R = Cl, NMe(2)) is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, with the help of energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The M-M' bond strength increases as M and M' become heavier. The strongest bond is predicted for the 5d-5d tungsten complexes (NMe(2))(3)W-W(NMe(2))(3) (D(e) = 103.6 kcal/mol) and Cl(3)W-WCl(3) (D(e) = 99.8 kcal/mol). Although the heteronuclear molecules with polar M-M' bonds are not known experimentally, the predicted bond dissociation energies of up to 94...

The bis(bidentate) phosphine cis,trans,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)cyclobutane (dppcb) has been used for the synthesis of a series of novel heterodimetallic complexes starting from [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppcb)]X(2) (1; X = PF(6), SbF(6)), so-called dyads, showing surprising photochemical reactivity. They consist of [Ru(bpy)(2)](2+)"antenna" sites absorbing light combined with reactive square-planar metal centres. Thus, irradiating [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppcb)MCl(2)]X(2) (M = Pt, 2; Pd, 3; X = PF(6), SbF(6)) dissolved in CH(3)CN with visible light, produces the unique heterodimetallic compounds [Ru(bpy)(CH(3)CN)(2)(dppcb)MCl(2)]X(2) (M = Pt, 7; Pd, 8; X = PF(6), SbF(6))...

The 1,2,4-trimethyltriazolylidene (ditz) ligand allows the preparation of homo- and heterodimetallic complexes of Pt(2) and Ir-Pt. These two complexes have been characterized by means of spectroscopic and diffractommetric techniques. The catalytic activity of these complexes, together with that of other Pt-based compounds, has been explored in the cyclization-addition of alkynyl alcohols and indoles. The Ir-Pt complex [{PtI(2)(py)}(μ-ditz){IrI(2)(Cp*)}] (py=pyridine; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) allows the combination of an iridium-mediated oxidative cyclization of 2-(ortho-aminophenyl)ethanol to form indoles, with a further step employing a Pt-based multistep reaction that functionalizes indoles...

A new tandem catalytic process has been studied for a heterodimetallic complex containing both iridium and palladium fragments connected by a 1,2,4-trimethyltriazolyldiylidene ligand. The process implies the unprecedented preparation of imines from the direct reaction of nitroarenes and primary alcohols. The global process comprises the following steps: 1) reduction of the nitroarene to an amine, 2) oxidation of the alcohol to aldehyde, and 3) condensation of the aldehyde and the amine to form the corresponding imine...

The ligand 1,2,4-trimethyl-triazolyl-diylidene has been used for the preparation of a series of three iridium/palladium heterometallic complexes that have been fully characterized. The presence of the two different metals allows tandem processes to be designed by combining reactions that are typically catalyzed by Ir and Pd. Three tandem reactions have been studied: dehalogenation/transfer hydrogenation of haloacetophenones, Suzuki-coupling/transfer hydrogenation of p-bromoacetophenone, and Suzuki-coupling/alpha-alkylation of p-bromoacetophenone...

Opening the cluster core: Substitution of the chloride ligand in the novel cationic cluster [W(3)CuS(4)H(3)Cl(dmpe)(3)](+) (see figure; dmpe=1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) by acetonitrile is promoted by water addition. Kinetic and density functional theory studies lead to a mechanistic proposal in which acetonitrile or water attack causes the opening of the cluster core with dissociation of one of the Cu--S bonds to accommodate the entering ligand.Reaction of the incomplete cuboidal cationic cluster [W(3)S(4)H(3)(dmpe)(3)](+) (dmpe=1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) with Cu(I) compounds produces rare examples of cationic heterodimetallic hydrido clusters of formula [W(3)CuClS(4)H(3)(dmpe)(3)](+) ([1](+)) and [W(3)Cu(CH(3)CN)S(4)H(3)(dmpe)(3)](2+) ([2](2+))...

The synthesis, characterization and reactivity of heteroleptic rare earth metal complexes supported by the carbon-bridged bis(phenolate) ligand 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenoxo) (MBMP2-) are described. Reaction of (C5H5)3Ln(THF) with MBMPH2 in a 1:1.5 molar ratio in THF at 50 degrees C produced the heteroleptic rare earth metal bis(phenolate) complexes (C5H5)Ln(MBMP)(THF)n (Ln=La, n=3 (); Ln=Yb (), Y (), n=2) in nearly quantitative yields. The residual C5H5- groups in complexes to can be substituted by the bridged bis(phenolate) ligands at elevated temperature to give the neutral rare earth metal bis(phenolate) complexes, and the ionic radii have a profound effect on the structures of the final products...