Genorm 18s

Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a globally intrusive pest. Despite extensive research into the physiological responses of this pest, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms still needs to be improved. We want to accurately investigate the expression of L. invasa 's target genes, so it is imperative to select fitting reference genes. In this study, eight housekeeping genes' stability ( RPS30 , ACTR , 18S rRNA , ACT , RPL18 , GAPDH , 28S rRNA , and TUB ) was tested under five different experimental conditions, including male or female adults, somites (head, thorax, and abdomen), temperatures (0 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C), diets (starvation, clear water, 10% honey water, Eucalyptus sap), and pesticides (acetone was used as a control, imidacloprid, monosultap)...

BACKGROUND: Anemia and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are common comorbidities experienced by preterm infants, yet the role of anemia on the pathogenesis of ROP remains unclear. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive technique for estimating the gene expression changes at the transcript level but requires identification of stably expressed reference genes for accurate data interpretation. This is particularly important for oxygen induced retinopathy studies given that some commonly used reference genes are sensitive to oxygen...

The molecular mechanism of Chinese cordyceps formation has received a substantial amount of attention because of its usage as traditional Chinese medicine. The formation process of Chinese cordyceps includes two parts: asexual proliferation (Ophiocordyceps sinensis proliferates in the hemolymph of Thitarodes armoricanus larvae) and sexual development (formation and development of fruiting bodies). Therefore, validation of reference genes under different development stages and experimental conditions is crucial for RT-qPCR analysis...

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an important method to detect gene expression at the molecular level. The selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is the key to accurately calculating the expression level of target genes and conducting gene function studies. In this study, the expression of eight candidate reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), beta-actin (β -actin ), 18S ribosomal RNA ( 18S rRNA ), hydroxymethylbilane synthase ( HMBS ), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 ( HPRT1 ), TATA box binding protein ( TBP ), ribosomal protein L13 ( RPL13 ), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein ( YWHAZ ), in the duodenal epithelial tissue of 42-day-old meat-type ducks were detected using qPCR...

BACKGROUND: Hypoxic culture conditions have been used to study the impact of oxygen deprivation has on gene expression in a number of disease models. However, hypoxia response elements present in the promoter regions of some commonly used housekeeping genes, such as GAPDH and PGK1, can confound the relative gene expression analysis. Thus, there is ongoing debate as to which housekeeping gene is appropriate for studies investigating hypoxia-induced cell responses. Specifically, there is still contradicting information for which housekeeping genes are stable in hypoxia cultures of mesenchymal stem cells...

PURPOSE: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a reliable and robust technique for gene expression analysis, but its efficacy is dependent on the normalization of qPCR data with the stably expressed reference gene. Selection of a suitable reference gene is mandatory for accurate gene expression analysis, till data the most appropriate reference gene during chikungunya virus infection has not been elucidated. METHOD: In this study the expression of reference genes(GAPDH, GUSB, HPRT, Beta-actin, 18S rRNA) was analysed during chikungunya virus infection by quantitative PCR...

The principal objective of this study was to screen and verify reference genes appropriate for gene expression evaluation during plant growth and development under distinct growth conditions. Nine candidate reference genes were screened based on garlic transcriptome sequence data. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the aforementioned reference genes in specific tissues under drought and cold stress. Then, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ReFinder were used to consider the consistency of the expression levels of candidate reference genes...

Transient brain ischemia in gerbils is a common model to study the mechanisms of neuronal changes in the hippocampus. In cornu ammonnis 2-3, dentate gyrus (CA2-3,DG) regions of the hippocampus, neurons are resistant to 5-min ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult, while cornu ammonnis 1 (CA1) is found to be I/R-vulnerable. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is widely used to study the expression of genes involved in these phenomena. It requires stable and reliable genes for normalization, which is crucial for comparable and reproducible analyses of expression changes of the genes of interest...

Gelsemium elegans is a traditional Chinese herb of medicinal importance, with indole terpene alkaloids as its main active components. To study the expression of the most suitable housekeeping reference genes in G . elegans , the root bark, stem segments, leaves and inflorescences of four different parts of G . elegans were used as materials in this study. The expression stability of 10 candidate housekeeping reference genes ( 18S , GAPDH , Actin , TUA , TUB , SAND , EF - 1α , UBC , UBQ , and cdc25 ) was assessed through real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCT, and RefFinder...

Chlorella sp. TLD 6B, a microalgae growing in the Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang of China, is a good model material for studying the physiological and environmental adaptation mechanisms of plants in their arid habitats, as its adaptation to the harsh desert environment has led to its strong resistance. However, when using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze the gene expression of this algae under abiotic stress, it is essential to find the suitable endogenous reference genes so to obtain reliable results...

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the main causal agent of pitaya canker. Most studies of virulence and pathogenicity genes have measured expression levels using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Suitable reference genes are essential for ensuring that estimates of gene expression levels by RT-qPCR are accurate. However, no reference genes can be robustly applied across all contexts and species. No studies to date have evaluated the most effective reference genes for normalizing gene expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N...

The molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic target research studies on osteosarcoma (OS) have developed well during the last few years using various OS cell lines with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, the identification of suitable reference genes of RT-qPCR for OS cell lines has not been reported. Here, we conducted the normalization research of 12 reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, B2M, ALAS1, GUSB, HPRT1, HMBS, PPIA, PUM1, RPL29, and TBP) for gene expression analysis in four kinds of human OS cell lines (U2OS, Saos-2, HOS, and MG-63) to improve the investigation of molecular mechanisms and the accuracy of diagnosis and prognostic molecular targets of OS...

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a destructive migratory rice pest. Although many studies have investigated its behavioral and physiological responses to environmental changes and migration-inducing factors, little is known about its molecular mechanisms. This study was conducted to select suitable RT-qPCR reference genes to facilitate future gene expression studies. Here, thirteen candidate housekeeping genes ( EF1α , AK , EF1β , GAPDH , PGK , RPL13 , RPL18 , RPS3 , 18S rRNA , TBP1 , TBP2 , ACT , and UCCR ) were selected to evaluate their stabilities under different conditions using the ∆CT method; the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper algorithms; and the online tool RefFinder...

Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H. Hara (Lamiaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine plant that has been used to treat various human diseases. Oridonin is one of the main active ingredients, and the route of its molecular biosynthesis remains to be determined. The study of gene expression patterns can provide clues toward the understanding of its biological functions. The selection of suitable reference genes for normalizing target gene expression is the first steps in any quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) gene expression study...

Selection of reference genes during real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is critical to determine accurate and reliable mRNA expression. Nonetheless, not a single study has investigated the expression stability of candidate reference genes to determine their suitability as internal controls in SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Using qRT-PCR, we determined expression stability of the nine most commonly used housekeeping genes, namely, TATA-box binding protein ( TBP ), cyclophilin ( CypA ), β-2-microglobulin ( B2M ), 18S rRNA (18S), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) coactivator 1 alpha ( PGC-1 α), glucuronidase beta ( GUSB ), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 ( HPRT-1 ), β-ACTIN , and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) in patients with COVID-19 of various severities (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe) and those with CAM...

BACKGROUND: Tree peony possess significant ornamental, medicinal and oil values. Osmotic stresses including dehydratiuon and salinity limit the expansion of cultivation area of tree peony. Information on reference genes selection under osmotic stress and hormone stimulation of tree peony still limited. This study aimed to determine the stable reference genes suitable for tree peony under osmotic stresses and hormone treatments, and provide a theoretical basis for the molecular biology research...

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a widely applied technique for relative quantification of gene expression. In this context, the selection of a suitable reference gene (RG) is an essential step for obtaining reliable and biologically relevant RT-qPCR results. The present study aimed to determine the expression stability of commonly used RGs in mouse skeletal muscle tissue. The expression pattern of eight RGs (ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT, YWHAZ, B2M, PPIA, TUBA and 18S) were evaluated by RT-qPCR in different sample groups classified based on genetic background, muscle tissue type, and growth stage, as well as in a C2C12 myoblast cell line model...

Anguilla spp. is an important aquaculture species for which an increasing number of reference genes are being identified and applied. In this study, five housekeeping genes (RPL7, 18S, EF1A, ACTB, and GAPDH) were chosen to evaluate their reliability as reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the study of Anguilla anguilla. The expression of the selected genes in different eel tissues was determined by qPCR at different growth stages or upon challenge by Anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV), and the expression levels of these genes were then compared and evaluated with the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms...

Sharma, Vandana, Rajeev Varshney, and Niroj Kumar Sethy. Identification of suitable reference genes for lowlanders exposed to high altitude and Ladakhi highlanders. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2022. Background: Identifying a stable and reliable reference gene (RG) is a prerequisite for the unbiased and unambiguous analysis of gene expression data. It has become evident that conventionally used housekeeping genes such as beta-actin ( ACTB ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), and peptidylprolyl Isomerase A ( PPIA ) exhibit varied expression patterns under hypoxia...

BACKGROUND: Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool to evaluate mRNA expression level. However, reliable qPCR results require normalization with validated reference gene(s). In this study, we investigated stable reference genes in seven tissues according to four developmental stages in minipigs. Six candidate reference genes and one target gene (ACE2) were selected and qPCR was performed. BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, and delta Ct method through the RefFinder web-based tool were used to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes...