Postnatal Restricted growth in neonate

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurs both in humans and domestic species. It has a particularly high incidence in pigs, and is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as impaired postnatal growth. A key feature of IUGR is impaired muscle development, resulting in decreased meat quality. Understanding the developmental origins of IUGR, particularly at the molecular level, is important for developing effective strategies to mitigate its economic impact on the pig industry and animal welfare...

IMPORTANCE: Perinatal stress and fetal growth restriction increase the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. The underlying pathomechanism is poorly understood. In a sheep model, elevated catecholamine concentrations were found to suppress intrauterine insulin secretion, followed by hyperresponsive insulin secretion once the adrenergic stimulus subsided. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether neonates with risk factors for hypoglycemia have higher catecholamine concentrations in umbilical cord blood (UCB) and/or amniotic fluid (AF) and whether catecholamines are correlated with postnatal glycemia...

INTRODUCTION: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common pregnancy complication, caused by placental insufficiency, with serious adverse consequences for development in utero and postnatal wellbeing. There are no antenatal treatments to improve growth or organ development in FGR, and animal models are essential to mimic the physiological adaptations in FGR and to assess potential interventions. This study aimed to identify the temporal nature of reduced developmental trajectory in fetuses with FGR, and to examine the effects of common factors that may mediate differential growth such as glucocorticoid treatment...

MIRAGE syndrome is a recently described congenital condition characterized genetically by heterozygous gain-of-function missense mutations in the growth repressor sterile alpha domain containing 9 (SAMD9) located on the arm of chromosome 7 (7q21.2). The syndrome is rare and is usually diagnosed in newborns and children with myelodysplasia, infection, restriction of growth, adrenal hypoplasia, genital phenotypes, and enteropathy, hence the acronym MIRAGE. The aims of this paper are (1) to present fetal ultrasound features in a case where MIRAGE syndrome was diagnosed prenatally and (2) to review the existing literature records on prenatal manifestations of MIRAGE syndrome...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and being small for gestational age (SGA) are two distinct conditions with different implications for short- and long-term child development. SGA is present if the estimated fetal or birth weight is below the tenth percentile. IUGR can be identified by additional abnormalities (pathological Doppler sonography, oligohydramnion, lack of growth in the interval, estimated weight below the third percentile) and can also be present in fetuses and neonates with weights above the tenth percentile...

This Symposium Review examines challenges to surviving birth and infancy at high altitudes. Chronic exposure to the environmental hypoxia of high altitudes increases the incidence of maternal vascular disorders of pregnancy characterized by placental insufficiency, restricted fetal growth and preterm delivery, and impairs pulmonary vascular health during infancy. While each condition independently contributes to excess morbidity and mortality in early life, evidence indicates vascular disorders of pregnancy and infantile pulmonary vascular dysfunction are intertwined...

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a crucial role in the normal development of the fetal kidney. Late pregnancy blockage of the RAAS, through in-utero exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers, is associated with poor fetal outcomes, including oligohydramnios, renal tubular dysplasia, postnatal anuric renal failure, and hypotension. The present case describes a 39-year-old primigravida that was referred to the emergency department, at 37 weeks, for the evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction and suspected coarctation of the aorta (CoA)...

BACKGROUND: Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) represents a prevalent condition observed in preterm neonates, which poses potential adverse implications for both neonatal development and long-term health outcomes. The manifestation of EUGR has been intricately associated with perturbations in microbial and metabolic profiles. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the gut microbial network in early colonizers among preterm neonates with EUGR. METHODS: Twenty-nine preterm infants participated in this study, comprising 14 subjects in the EUGR group and 15 in the normal growth (AGA) group...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a leading cause of term-born cerebral palsy, the most common lifelong physical disability. Diagnosis is commonly made in the neonatal period by the combination of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and typical neuroimaging findings. However, children without a history of neonatal encephalopathy may present later in childhood with motor disability and neuroimaging findings consistent with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury...

Our previous work in guinea pigs revealed that low vitamin C intake during preconception and pregnancy adversely affects fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and foetal and neonatal growth in a sex-dependent manner. To investigate the long-term impact on offspring, we monitored their growth from birth to adolescence (four months), recorded organ weights at childhood equivalence (28 days) and adolescence, and assessed physiological parameters like oral glucose tolerance and basal cortisol concentrations. We also investigated the effects of the timing of maternal vitamin C restriction (early vs...

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical and echocardiography predictors of acetaminophen response for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of preterm infants born <30 weeks, with a diagnosis of hemodynamically significant PDA, who received 1st line treatment with intravenous acetaminophen during the first 2 postnatal weeks. Response was defined by PDA closure or improvement in PDA score of >50%...

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify perinatal risk factors associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in neonates. Secondary objectives included an examination of clinical and biochemical characteristics at the time of diagnosis and an exploration of the duration of diazoxide therapy. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, involving individual chart reviews of inborn infants diagnosed with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (the HH group) between 2014 and 2021...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perinatal and postnatal outcomes of fetuses with an isolated small head circumference (HC) on expert ultrasound examination in the second trimester for further recommendations in prenatal care. STUDY DESIGN: In a retrospective cohort we included singleton-pregnancies with a fetal HC > -3.0 SD and ≤ -1.64 SD determined on expert ultrasound examination between 18 and 24 weeks of gestational age. Three subgroups were determined: "isolated small HC (ISHC)", "small HC plus abdominal circumference (AC) ≤ p10 (SHC+)" and "small HC plus AC ≤ p10 and Doppler abnormalities (SHC + D)"...

IMPORTANCE: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common pregnancy complication and a significant contributor of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the lack of effective screening, prevention, and management policies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review and compare the most recently published influential guidelines on the management of pregnancies complicated by FGR. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A descriptive review of guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC), the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand, the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FCGO), and the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics on FGR was carried out...

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to compare the differences between Intergrowth-21st (IG-21) and Fenton growth standards in the classification of intrauterine and extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in eastern Chinese preterm infants, and detect which one can better relate to neonatal diseases and predict the physical growth outcomes at 3-5 years old. METHODS: Premature infants admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Shanghai, China, from 2016 to 2018 were enrolled...

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to analyze the effect of uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) on leptin expression and lung development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) rats. METHODS: On day 17 of pregnancy, time-dated Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into either an IUGR group or a control group. Uteroplacental insufficiency surgery (IUGR) and sham surgery (control) were conducted. Offspring rats were spontaneously delivered on day 22 of pregnancy. On postnatal days 0 and 7, rats' pups were selected at random from the control and IUGR groups...

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) remains one of the main obstetrical problems worldwide, with consequences beyond perinatal life. Animal models with developmental and structural similarities to the human are essential to understand FGR long-term consequences and design novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or ameliorating them. Herein, we described the long-term consequences of FGR in pulmonary function, structure, and gene expression, and characterized neurodevelopmental sequelae up to preadolescence in a rabbit model...

Neonates show considerable variation in growth that can be recognized through serial measurements of basic variables such as weight, length, and head circumference. If possible, measurement of subcutaneous and total body fat mass can also be useful. These biometric measurements at birth may be influenced by demographics, maternal and paternal anthropometrics, maternal metabolism, preconceptional nutritional status, and placental health. Subsequent growth may depend on optimal feeding, total caloric intake, total metabolic activity, genetic makeup, postnatal morbidities, medications, and environmental conditions...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common perinatal complication in animal reproduction, with long-lasting negative effects on neonates and postnatal animals, which seriously negatively affects livestock production. In this study, we aimed to identify potential genes associated with the diagnosis of IUGR through bioinformatics analysis. Based on the 73 differentially expressed related genes obtained by differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we used three machine learning algorithms to identify 4 IUGR-related hub genes (IUGR-HGs), namely, ADAM9 , CRYL1 , NDP52 , and SERPINA7 , whose ROC curves showed that they are a good diagnostic target for IUGR...

OBJECTIVE: Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a cardiac malformation with highly variable presentation and severity with limited perinatal management options. We present incorporation of fetal lung measurements into a multidisciplinary evaluation for counseling and predicting postnatal outcomes in patients with severe EA. METHODS: Five fetuses with severe fetal EA were reviewed. Third trimester sonographic observed/expected total lung area (O/E TLA) and lung to head ratio (O/E LHR), fetal MRI total fetal lung volume ratio (O/E-TFLV), echocardiographic cardio-thoracic ratio (CT ratio), sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) by Hadlock formula and presence of hydrops, were used to guide perinatal management...