Statistical mistake

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the most rigorous study design for testing hypotheses and the gold standard for evaluating intervention effectiveness. However, RCTs are often conducted under the assumption of ideal conditions that may differ from real-world scenarios in which various issues, such as loss to follow-up, mistakes in participant enrollment or intervention, and low subject compliance or adherence, may occur. There are various group-defining strategies for analyzing RCT data, including the intention-to-treat (ITT), as-treated, and per-protocol (PP) approaches...

In any meta-analysis, it is critically important to report the dispersion in effects as well as the mean effect. If an intervention has a moderate clinical impact on average we also need to know if the impact is moderate for all relevant populations, or if it varies from trivial in some to major in others. Or indeed, if the intervention is beneficial in some cases but harmful in others. Researchers typically report a series of statistics such as the Q-value, the p-value, and I2 , which are intended to address this issue...

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women is a challenge for functional urology. In Mexico there are few data that report the prevalence of OTSV in women, being up to 24% in a group of patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare six different definitions of bladder outlet obstruction and evaluate the interobserver agreement in an educational setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Urodynamic studies (UDS) of women with and without diagnosis of BOO were retrospectively assesed...

It is essential to focus on the variables that can empower mothers of single-parent students. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of self-healing training on perfectionism and frustration tolerance in mothers of single-parent students. The statistical population included all divorced mothers of elementary school students within the 2020-21 academic year. Sampling was performed in two stages, the first of which was multistage cluster sampling, whereas the second stage was purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria...

BACKGROUND: Medication errors (MEs) are a significant healthcare problem that can harm patients and increase healthcare expenses. Being immunocompromised, liver-transplant patients are at high risk for complications if MEs inflict harmful or damaging effects. The present study reviewed and analyzed all MEs reported in Liver Transplant Patients. METHODS: All MEs in the Liver Transplant Patients admitted between January 2016 to August 2022 were retrieved through the computerized physician order entry system, which two expert pharmacists classified according to the type and severity risk index...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a virtual simulation game (VSG) to improve primary care sexual health services for breast cancer survivors. METHODS: We developed a VSG to help primary care providers (PCPs) address sexual health disturbances among breast cancer survivors. We used a pretest-posttest design with a series of validated tools to assess the feasibility and perceived impact of the  VGS, including an open-ended question about participants' perceptions...

AIM: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder in which accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) leads to poor neurological outcomes without treatment. Dietary therapy is the main treatment and nonadherence is associated with elevated blood Phe levels and correspondingly poor neuropsychiatric outcomes. This study aimed to examine the effect of home visits on blood Phe levels in PKU patients. METHODS: Sixty-five paediatric PKU patients who were on low-phenylalanine diet were visited monthly at home for 6 months...

Objective: Wordbot, a chatbot designed for gamified education, transforms the process of memorizing complex medical terminology into an engaging and enjoyable activity for medical students. Taking inspiration from the "guessing words" game, Wordbot aims to improve medical students' learning outcomes by making the vocabulary memorization process more memorable. Materials and Methods: Wordbot, which can be implemented on the LINE platform, was created for this research, specifically to improve medical terminology learning...

BACKGROUND: Medical errors cause disability and mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). We aimed to determine the occurrence and causes of medical errors in the ICUs of Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data from the family complaint files referred to The disciplinary authority of Iran Medical Council was retrospectively reviewed to explore the causes of medical errors. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS Version 26.0. RESULTS: A total of 293 complaint files were referred to the disciplinary commission from 2014 to 2019, of which 95 files were related to medical errors in ICUs...

BACKGROUND: The normalization of institution names is of great importance for literature retrieval, statistics of academic achievements, and evaluation of the competitiveness of research institutions. Differences in authors' writing habits and spelling mistakes lead to various names of institutions, which affects the analysis of publication data. With the development of deep learning models and the increasing maturity of natural language processing methods, training a deep learning-based institution name normalization model can increase the accuracy of institution name normalization at the semantic level...

Background Extensive studies have been conducted using the rat model to understand the potential technical errors that lead to anastomotic failure. However, current literature indicates the rat model has excellent tolerance to diverse errors committed by microsurgeons. The error-investigating rat model is often created by one or two experienced surgeons, and only one isolated technical error is examined. These biases may potentially cause limitations of the results from previous studies. Meanwhile, venous anastomoses have rarely been investigated in previous literature...

Background The outcome of a statistical test is to accept or reject a null hypothesis. Reporting a metric as "trending toward significance" is a misinterpretation of the p-value. Studies highlighting the prevalence of statistical errors in the urologic literature remain scarce. We evaluated abstracts from 15 urology journals published within the years 2000-2021 and provided a quantitative measure of a common statistical mistake-misconstruing the function of null hypothesis testing by reporting "a trend toward significance...

Statistical analysis is an essential component of the medical writing process for research-related articles. Although the importance of statistical testing is emphasized, statistical mistakes continue to appear in journal articles. Major statistical mistakes can occur in any of the three different stages of medical writing, including in the design stage, analysis stage, and interpretation stage. In the design stage, mistakes occur if there is a lack of specificity regarding the research hypothesis or data collection and analysis plans...

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial was to find a more economical and feasible intervention for maladaptive perfectionism, which is a risk and maintenance mechanism for various psychopathologies. METHODS: In total, 64 university students who met the total inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either group CBT with positive psychotherapy intervention or a 16-week waitlist (WL). The intervention group received 2 h of therapy for eight weekly sessions...

Control of movement is learned and uses error feedback during practice to predict actions for the next movement. We have shown that augmenting error can enhance learning, but while such findings are encouraging the methods need to be refined to accommodate a person's individual reactions to error. The current study evaluates error fields (EF) method, where the interactive robot tempers its augmentation when the error is less likely. 22 healthy participants were asked to learn moving with a visual transformation, and we enhanced the training with error fields...

BACKGROUND: One of the challenges when transitioning from International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) to International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) is to ensure clinical coding accuracy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of clinical coding with ICD-11 in comparison with ICD-10 and identify causes of coding errors in real clinical coding environments. METHOD: The study was conducted prospectively in two general hospitals...

INTRODUCTION: The optical trocar access (OTA) is a modified closed technique that aims to minimize the risk of vascular or bowel injuries while reducing the likelihood of gas leakage. A learning curve (LC) effect for OTA has been invoked with n = 30 procedures being considered as a threshold to define expertise. We aim to evaluate the impact of the LC within the first thirty cases of OTA performed by a trainee. METHODS: This is a prospective randomized study on 60 patients elected to laparoscopic gynecological surgery...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the best timing and feasibility of intrathecal application of sodium monosialoganglioside (GM1) after spinal cord contusion in Wistar rats as an experimental model. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were submitted to contusion spinal cord injury after laminectomy. The animals were randomized and divided into four groups: Group 1 - Intrathecal application of GM1 24 hours after contusion; Group 2 - Intrathecal application of GM1 48 hours after contusion; Group 3 - intrathecal application of GM1 72 hours after contusion; Group 4 - Sham, with laminectomy and intrathecal application of 0...

BACKGROUND: The growing population demand and the epidemic lead of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have highlighted the critical importance of patient access to compounded formulations, including for special purposes such as pediatrics, geriatrics, and other uses. However, there are many potential risks, including quality issues and 503A facilities have not received valid prescriptions for individually-identified patients for a portion of the drug products they produce. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to analyze the (503A facilities) warning letters and identify the problem of compounding medicines not meeting the USP specifications...

To address the reality that LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and others) students remain more likely to experience harm, harassment, and violence at school as well as miss school due to feeling unsafe and the fact that students identifying as transgender, nonbinary, and gender-nonconforming (TNBGNC) are at even greater risk of bullying, harassment, and significant mental health concerns, Chicago Public Schools' (CPS) Office of Student Health and Wellness (OSHW) created a novel professional development (PD) requirement in 2019, entitled "Supporting Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender Nonconforming Students...