ceftriaxone in infectious enteritis

Annually, millions of people worldwide are exposed to Campylobacter, a species of bacteria that commonly causes gastroenteritis and in cases of immunocompromised individuals, can also lead to life-threatening complications. After stool cultures are obtained, the usual treatment for infectious diarrhea involves metronidazole and quinolones such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. Quinolones are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics known to be effective against various gram-negative infections that also include Campylobacter jejuni (C...

BACKGROUND: Salmonella derby ( S. derby ) is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is common in the digestive tract. Infected patients generally experience symptoms such as fever and diarrhea. Mild cases are mostly self-healing gastroenteritis, and severe cases can cause fatal typhoid fever. Clinical cases are more common in children. The most common form of S. derby infection is self-healing gastroenteritis, in which, fever lasts for about 2 d and diarrhea for < 7 d. S. derby can often cause bacterial conjunctivitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, peritonitis and urethritis...

INTRODUCTION: the discovery of antibiotics led to the optimistic belief of completely eradicating infectious diseases during the golden era following their discovery. Countries are grappling with the burden of microbial resistance bringing a near paralysis of all facets of mankind. Enterobacteriaceae and other hard-to-treat Gram-negative bacteria have become resistant to nearly all antibiotic options available, and this is a bad taste in the fight against microbial resistance. METHODS: during the months of April-October 2017, 163 children below five years presenting with diarrhea were randomly selected in Murang´a and Muriranja´s Hospitals...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The emergence of globally resistant enteric Shigella and nontyphoidal Salmonella strains (NTS) has limited the selection of effective drugs, which has become a major challenge for the treatment of infections. The purpose of this review is to provide the current opinion on the antimicrobial-resistant enteric Shigella and nontyphoidal Salmonella . RECENT FINDINGS: Enteric Shigella and NTS are resistant to almost all classes of antimicrobials in recent years...

Enteric fever is one of the most common infectious diseases in the economically developing world and this bacterial infection is the common most cause of fever in travelers to these endemic areas. Even after the availability and deployment of preventive measures like vaccination against Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) and sanitation practices; effective treatment is paramount to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. Cephalosporins are antimicrobials belonging to the β-lactam class with established efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and safety profile by virtue of which, they belong to the group of antibiotics most commonly utilized in clinical practice...

Patients with suspected enteric (typhoid and paratyphoid) fever are predominantly managed as outpatients in endemic regions. Nonspecific clinical presentation, lack of accurate diagnostic tools, and widespread antimicrobial resistance makes management challenging. Resistance has been described for all antimicrobials including chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. No significant differences have been demonstrated between these antimicrobials in their ability to treat enteric fever in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)...

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BACKGROUND: Enteric fever is an acute systemic infectious disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), with a global burden of 14.3 million cases. Cases of enteric fever or paratyphoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Para A) have been found to rise in many endemic and non-endemic countries. Drug resistance is relatively uncommon in S. Para A. Here we report a case of paratyphoid fever caused by ceftriaxone resistant S...

BACKGROUND: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, with limited data on NTS serovars and antimicrobial resistance in Africa. METHODS: We determined the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and frequency of antimicrobial resistance among serovars identified in stools of 0-59 month-old children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and controls enrolled in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study in The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya in 2015-2018, and compared with data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS; 2007-2010) and the GEMS-1A study (2011)...

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance threatens adequate healthcare provision against infectious diseases. Antibiograms, combined with patient clinical history, enable clinicians and pharmacists to select the best empirical treatments prior to culture results. OBJECTIVES: To develop a local antibiogram for the Ho Teaching Hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, using data collected on bacterial isolates from January-December 2021...

BACKGROUND: Varicella is considered a mild and self-limiting disease, but, in some cases, it may complicate and require hospitalization. Antibiotics are not the first line therapy but in some cases are prescribed either for the management of varicella-related complications or as a preventive strategy. Aim of this study is to analyze the rate and the patterns of antibiotics used in pediatric patients hospitalized for varicella as well as the relative costs in order to increase insights in antibiotic use in varicella...

BACKGROUND: Typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric fever) are febrile bacterial illnesses common in many low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends treatment with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone due to widespread resistance to older, first-line antimicrobials. Resistance patterns vary in different locations and are changing over time. Fluoroquinolone resistance in South Asia often precludes the use of ciprofloxacin. Extensively drug-resistant strains of enteric fever have emerged in Pakistan...

BACKGROUND: Invasive Salmonella infections are highly prevalent worldwide. Clinical data of childhood invasive Salmonella infections from China are limited. METHODS: Data of hospitalized children <18 years old with invasive Salmonella infections from 2016 to 2020 in Shenzhen Children's Hospital in Shenzhen were retrospectively collected. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the invasive Salmonella isolates were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-three cases were enrolled during the 5-year study period including 8 in 2016, 11 in 2017, 16 in 2018, 6 in 2019 and 22 in 2020...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in China at the end of 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The lymphopenia seen in COVID-19 increases the incidence of susceptibility to other microorganisms and may cause co-infections. As the signs and symptoms of the diseases overlap with other infectious diseases and due to the intensity in health services, the diagnosis of co-infections becomes difficult and the treatment may be delayed. Therefore, infections accompanying COVID-19 cause an increase in morbidity and mortality...

OBJECTIVES: Although ceftriaxone has been the first-line treatment of Lyme meningitis, the 2020 Infectious Disease Society of America, American College of Rheumatology, and American Academy of Neurology guideline recommends either doxycycline or ceftriaxone. Our objective was to explore recent trends in enteral antibiotic treatment of children with Lyme meningitis. METHODS: Using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes for case identification, we performed a multicenter retrospective study of patients ≤21 years of age presenting to a pediatric hospital contributing to the Pediatric Health Information System who were diagnosed with Lyme meningitis from 2015 to 2020...

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter fetus is an uncommon Campylobacter species, and its infections mainly cause infective endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, and meningitis rather than enteritis. It is more likely to be detected in blood than Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli, specifically reported in 53% of patients. In our case, C. fetus was detected in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old woman, who was on maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), presented to our clinic with chief complaints of severe headache and nausea...

Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and antimicrobial-resistant strains pose a serious threat to public health. We used Bayesian hierarchical models of culture-confirmed infections during 2004-2016 from 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance systems to estimate changes in the national incidence of resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections. Extrapolating to the United States population and accounting for unreported infections, we estimated a 40% increase in the annual incidence of infections with clinically important resistance (resistance to ampicillin or ceftriaxone or nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin) during 2015-2016 (≈222,000 infections) compared with 2004-2008 (≈159,000 infections)...

BACKGROUND Primary cardiac tumors represent less than 5% of total cardiac tumors. Fibroelastoma is a rare benign cardiac tumor that is usually asymptomatic but is acknowledged for its emboligenic potential for causing cardiac, neurological, and vascular symptoms and increasing patient morbidity and mortality. CASE REPORT This report describes the clinical case of a 27-year-old woman who entered the Emergency Department with motor aphasia and hemiparesis in the right dimidium. A brain computed tomography scan was performed at admission, which showed left frontal-parietal hypodensity...

Rationale for review: Enteric fever (EF) caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) and S. Paratyphi (Salmonella Paratyphi) remains an important cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in many low-income countries and, therefore, still poses a major infectious risk for travellers to endemic countries. Main findings: Although the global burden of EF has decreased over the past two decades, prevalence of EF remains high in Asia and Africa, with the highest prevalence reported from the Indian subcontinent...

BACKGROUND: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) determined the etiologic agents of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children under 5 years old in Africa and Asia. Here, we describe the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars in GEMS and examine the phylogenetics of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolates. METHODS: Salmonella isolated from children with MSD or diarrhea-free controls were identified by classical clinical microbiology and serotyped using antisera and/or whole-genome sequence data...