thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

Dyslipidemia is one of the most common disorders worldwide, which, if left untreated, results in a multitude of complications. Thus proper diagnostics, which includes identifying of secondary causes of dyslipidemia is crucial. Endocrine disorders are an important cause of secondary dyslipidemia. This paper aims to review the publications on lipoprotein alterations in endocrine disorders from the past two years and provide an overview of the recent discoveries in this dynamically developing and large field. Significant changes in lipoprotein serum concentrations are present in most endocrinological diseases and can be modified with proper treatment...

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the extent of surgery in patients with thyroid cancer (TC) and the associated surgical morbidity in primary and completion setting. METHODS: A Swedish nationwide cohort of patients having surgery for TC (n = 2519) from the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal surgery between 2004 and 2013 was obtained. Data was validated through scrutinizing FNAC and histology reports...

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is an endocrine disorder typically characterized by elevated serum calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). While parathyroidectomy is the standard treatment, non-operative intervention such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been adopted as an alternative for the management of pHPT, as it has been utilized in other endocrine glands such as thyroid and adrenal. In this literature review, we aim to evaluate the current practice of RFA for pHPT...

BACKGROUND: Pediatric endocrine disorders requiring surgical intervention are rare and so are experienced surgeons dealing with these. The aim of the current study was to investigate disease profile and perioperative outcome of pediatric patients with surgical endocrine disorders in an endocrine surgery unit. METHODS: This retrospective study (Sep 1989-Aug 2019) consisted of pediatric endocrine surgery patients (<18 years) who were managed by a team of pediatric endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons at our center...

Tumors of the endocrine glands are common. Knowledge of their molecular pathology has greatly advanced in the recent past. This review covers the main molecular alterations of tumors of the anterior pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla and paraganglia. All endocrine gland tumors enjoy a robust correlation between genotype and phenotype. High-throughput molecular analysis demonstrates that endocrine gland tumors can be grouped into molecular groups that are relevant from both pathologic and clinical point of views...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Coronary artery disease is associated with the disorder, but the mechanism is unclear. A 27-year-old female presented with chest pain and palpitations. A left heart catheterization was performed and showed 80% stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Imaging and workup also revealed primary hyperparathyroidism associated with a parathyroid adenoma and elevated serum and urine metanephrines and norepinephrines...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Significant advances have transformed our understanding of the molecular biology and natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). This progress enacted a paradigm shift with regard to routine neck dissection for medullary thyroid cancer and total adrenalectomy for pheochromoytoma. The purpose of this review is to summarize key molecular and clinical data underpinning the current risk-based approach to MEN2 that integrates molecular and biomarker results...

A clinical case of a man 66 y.o. who was diagnosed with hormone-inactive pituitary macroadenoma complicated by corneal erosion and partial atrophy of the optic nerve of the left eye due to exophthalmos. The increase in prolactin level was regarded due to a «stalk-effect». The patient underwent a transnasal pituitary adenomectomy with subsequent regression of symptoms. After 4 years, against the background of a new coronavirus infection, increasing general weakness, headaches, a crisis increase in blood pressure and tachycardia attacks appeared...

BACKGROUND: Prior analyses of general surgery resident case logs have indicated a decline in the number of endocrine procedures performed during residency. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to the endocrine operative experience of general surgery residents and compare those who matched in endocrine surgery fellowship with those who did not. METHODS: We analyzed the case log data of graduates from 18 general surgery residency programs in the US Resident Operative Experience Consortium over an 11-year period...

Clinical syndromes involving multiple endocrine glands have been well recognized for over a century. Multiple reports describing hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes involving pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have been published. Differentiated (nonmedullary) thyroid cancer can also present as a hereditary syndrome with or without a specific genetic predisposition. We report the case of a man with nonsyndromic familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma, a pituitary adenoma, hyperparathyroidism, an adrenal adenoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma...

The significant volume-outcome relationship has triggered interest in improving quality of care by directing patients to high-volume centers and surgeons. However, significant disparities exist for different racial/ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups for thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreatic neuroendocrine surgical diseases disease.

Background: Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are frequent findings in clinical practice. About 40% of AIs are associated with hypercortisolism of variable severity. Although mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) has been associated with the impaired clinical outcome of several diseases, its effect on the development of benign neoplasms is unknown. Aim : To compare the prevalence of adenomas (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary and other locations) in patients with nonfunctioning AIs (NFAIs) and MACS. Methods : A multicenter, retrospective study of patients with AIs evaluated in four tertiary hospitals was performed...

Islet-1 (ISL1) plays key roles in programming the epigenome and facilitating the recruitment of additional regulatory factors. Although it has been used as a marker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), ISL1 reactivity in other tumor types are critically missing. ISL1 immunohistochemistry was performed on 147 neuroendocrine tumors (NET) originated in pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, lung, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal medulla, head/neck, genitourinary tract, and skin; and 110 non-neuroendocrine tumors originated in the pancreas, thymus, lung, thyroid, mesothelium, adrenal cortex, stomach, breast, head/neck, skin, and kidney...

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are approved to treat several types of cancer, but they may cause an exaggerated immune response. This can lead to immune-related adverse events such as endocrinopathies, which mostly affect the thyroid and pituitary gland. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 125 cancer patients receiving ICIs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab) between July 2018 and July 2022. The study reviewed hormone test results and the clinical perspectives of patients to identify and characterize endocrine adverse events associated with ICI therapy in cancer patients...

Myopathies are a common manifestation of endocrine disorders. Endocrine myopathies are often overlooked while considering differential diagnoses in patients with musculoskeletal symptoms. The hindrance to mobility and the musculoskeletal discomfort owing to these myopathies are important causes of disability and depreciated quality of life in these patients. Endocrine myopathies occur due to the effects of endogenous or iatrogenic hormonal imbalance on skeletal muscle protein and glucose metabolism, disrupting the excitation-contraction coupling...

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the United States (US) healthcare system. Endocrine operations are predominantly elective and were likely affected. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effect of the pandemic on endocrine operations. STUDY DESIGN: The Vizient Clinical Data Base® was examined for cases from 1/2019-12/2022 using ICD10 and CPT codes for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal operations. Control chart analysis identified trends in operative volume...

Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma, but several adverse events have been reported. Although the etiology of these effects is not completely understood, an uncontrolled activation of the immune system has been postulated. Indeed, some studies showed a cross reactivity of T cells, which acted against tumor antigens as well as antigens in the tissues of patients who developed immune-related adverse events...

INTRODUCTION: We successfully developed a broad spectrum of patient-derived endocrine organoids (PDO) from benign and malignant neoplasms of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. In this study, we employed functionally intact parathyroid PDOs from benign parathyroid tissues to study primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a common endocrine metabolic disease. As proof of concept, we examined the utility of parathyroid PDOs for bioenergetic and metabolic screening and assessed whether parathyroid PDO metabolism recapitulated matched PHPT tissues...

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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is a predominantly inherited genetic disease with prevalence of 1 per 2500-3000 newborns and based on clear clinical criteria. In addition to common neurofibromas and gliomas of the visual pathways, these patients have a higher risk of various benign and malignant tumors throughout their lives including tumors of the central nervous system, membranes of peripheral nerves, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leukemia. Endocrine diseases and neoplasms also occur in patients with NF-1 and can include extrarenal paraganglioma, primary hyperparathyroidism, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, thyroid tumors and other adrenal neoplasms...