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BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is infants' most common serious bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of urianalysis (UA) to predict UTI, to specify the colony forming units (CFU)/ml threshold for diagnosis, and to identify variables that help suspect bacteremia in infants under 3 months with UTI. METHODS: We reviewed clinical records of children under 3 months hospitalized for a fever without source and recorded age, sex, days of fever pre-consultation, temperature and severity at admission, discharge diagnoses, laboratory tests, and treatments...

BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are very common in the pediatric population. Most of these infections are mild, but due to their chronicity they affect quality of life (QoL), in addition to high costs for medical care. The use of bacterial extracts (BE) that stimulate general immunity can reduce its frequency and improve the QoL of the patient. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of a BE in the prevention of ARVI in children from 1 to 6 years of age...

Infection of a native joint, commonly referred to as septic arthritis, is a medical emergency because of the risk of joint destruction and subsequent sequelae. Its diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion. These guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis in children and adults are intended for use by any physician caring for patients with suspected or confirmed septic arthritis. They have been developed by a multidisciplinary panel with representatives from the Bone and Joint Infections Study Group (GEIO) belonging to the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infections (SEIP) and the Spanish Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (SECOT), and two rheumatologists...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of bacterial coinfection upon ICU admission in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients, its microbiology, and impact on prognosis.The secondary objective was to identify risk factors for coinfection on admission. METHODS: Retrospective study, including patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted to the ICU.We defined bacterial coinfection by respiratory symptoms, radiological data, positive and clinically significant microbiological results in samples obtained in the first 48 h of admission and/or a determination of procalcitonin ≥ 0...

Febrile neutropenia is one of the main infectious complications experienced by paediatric patients with blood or solid tumours, which, despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment, are still associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. These patients have several risk factors for infection, chief of which are chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, the disruption of cutaneous and mucosal barriers and the use of intravascular devices. Early diagnosis and treatment of febrile neutropenia episodes based on the patient's characteristics is essential in patients with blood and solid tumours to improve their outcomes...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of several compounds used in the treatment of chronic staphylococcal anterior blepharitis through an in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard commercial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SAu) (ATCC 25923 Culti-Loops) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (ATCC 12228 Culti-Loops) were cultured. Susceptibility tests were performed to vancomycin 30 μg, netilmicin 30 μg, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 0...

Cronobacter spp. is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Species of the genus Cronobacter, particularly C. sakazakii, are implicated in the development of severe disease in newborns, which occurs with necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and meningitis. The disease has been frequently associated with powdered infant formula (PIF) and can therefore occur in the form of outbreaks. The genus Cronobacter has undergone extensive diversification in the course of its evolution, with some species being clearly pathogenic to humans while the impact of other species on human health is uncertain or unknown...

Bacterial resistance is a constant battle representing a Public Health trouble. So much, that the World Health Organization considerate Public Health as a priority in health, due to the impact that generates as much as in health (giving that recent projections indicate that by 2050 it'll be produced more deaths because of this than the ones occasioned because of cancer) as its economic impact (which, according to a recent study in the United Kingdom, it'll cost the world's economy an estimated of 100 trillion dollars)...

Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to global health. Optimizing the use of antibiotics is a key measure to prevent and control this problem. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are designed to improve clinical outcomes, minimize adverse effects and protect patients, and to ensure the administration of cost-effective treatments. Inappropriate use of antibiotics also occurs in pediatric clinical practice. For this reason, ASPs should include specific objectives and strategies aimed at pediatricians and families...

OBJECTIVE: The importance of Gram-positive microorganisms and atypical bacteria in chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) has recently been described. For this reason, this study analyzes the etiology of CBP, as well as the evolution of antibiotic resistance through a systematic review. METHODS: A systematic review of studies obtained through the MEDLINE (PubMed) database, related to the etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of CBP, published up July 1, 2021. RESULTS: The most frequent isolated microorganisms that we have found in publications are Enterococcus faecalis (46...

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Background: Aggregate bacterial pneumonia plays a fundamental role in mortality of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Objective: To estimate the association of aggregated bacterial pneumonia with mortality in patients at Hospital Especialidades "La Raza". Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, 252 COVID-19 patients, chest x-ray and culture of bronchial secretion or expectoration. Data taken from the SIOC electronic file and the IZASAlab platform...

The Spanish Antibiogram Committee (Comité Español del Antibiograma, COESANT) presents in this document a series of recommendations intending to unify how cumulative antibiogram reports must be made in Clinical Microbiology Spanish laboratories. This article is based on the information included in the Clinical Microbiology Procedure No. 51, «Preparation of cumulative reports on antimicrobial susceptibility» of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), published in 2014...

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is occasionally implicated as a cause of intra-abdominal infection (IIASpn) that can be 1) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in elderly patients with previous peritoneal disease, associated with cirrhosis, in most of the cases 2) associated or adjacent to an intra-abdominal organ or postsurgical. (IIAbq) 3) peritonitis in previously healthy young women (PHYW). Our objective is report 18 cases of IIASpn describing: clinical presentation, comorbidities, need for surgery, microbiological findings, sensitivity of Spn to antimicrobials, therapeutic behavior, and evolution...

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). CFTR is a protein that transports ions across the membrane of lung epithelial cells. Loss of its function leads to the production of thick sticky mucus, where various bacterial pathogens can establish and adapt, contributing to the gradual loss of lung function. In this review, evidence of the molecular mechanisms used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia to survive and persist in the pulmonary environment will be provided...

INTRODUCTION: The reported incidence of parapneumonic pleural effusion, including empyema, has shown fluctuations in the last decades. It has been related to the implementation of different types of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. METHODS: We have retrospectively reviewed data from all 10 public hospitals in Alicante Province (Spain) covering a population of 279,000 children under 15 years of age, between 2010 and 2018. Effusions less than 10 mm (PE-) and those of 10 mm or more (PE+) were separated...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic brought about social changes in 2020 and 2021. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic profiles of the main sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of bacterial origin (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) diagnosed during this period and compare them to findings from previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Drawing on data from Hospital General Universitario in Valencia, Spain, we recorded the number of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis cases diagnosed monthly by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2018-2021 and the number of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases diagnosed monthly in 2020-2021...

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prior usage of the flu vaccine is a risk factor for bacterial co-infection in patients with severe influenza. DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational cohort study of subjects admitted to the ICU. A propensity score matching, and logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders were carried out to evaluate the association between prior influenza vaccination and bacterial co-infection. SETTINGS: 184 ICUs in Spain due to severe influenza...

Introduction: Multiple adverse effects have been described for the biological therapy in autoimmune diseases including many secondary to immunosuppression producing bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. Clinical case: We present the case of a 64-year-old female patient with proven disseminated cryptococcosis secondary to the use of tofacitinib. Other possible causes of immunosuppression such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were ruled out. The patient had been in treatment for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed three years before...