neuroretinal disorder

PURPOSE: To describe an unusual case of Whipple's disease (WD) complicated by uveitis, and subsequent paradoxical worsening after effective antibiotic treatment targeting Tropheryma whipplei (TW). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 53-year-old male presented with bilateral knee arthritis, weight loss, chronic low-grade fever, and cognitive disorders. He was under treatment with tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFi) for seronegative spondyloarthritis...

Retinal complications in patients with inflammatory optic neuritis (ON) are generally related to post-infectious neuroretinitis and are considered uncommon in autoimmune/demyelinating ON, whether isolated or caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). More recently, however, cases with retinal complications have been reported in subjects positive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. We report a 53-year-old woman presenting with severe bilateral ON associated with a focal area of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) in one eye...

SIGNIFICANCE: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is often associated with onset in the young, adult male demographic. This case report serves as a reminder that it can affect both sexes with onset into middle-age. PURPOSE: LHON is a maternally-inherited mitochondrial disorder that typically affects males during young adulthood. It presents with a rapid, yet painless loss of vision with the fellow eye often affected within a few months. The optic neuropathy causes a dense central scotoma with visual acuities reduced to less than 20/400...

BACKGROUND: Current procedures for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) present a series of limitations, making it critically important to identify new biomarkers. The aim of the study was to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of MS using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and artificial intelligence. METHODS: Spectral domain OCT was performed on 79 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) (disease duration ≤ 2 years, no history of optic neuritis) and on 69 age-matched healthy controls using the posterior pole protocol that incorporates the anatomic Positioning System...

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuromotor disorder with prominent visual symptoms. The underlying cause of motor dysfunction has been studied extensively, and is attributed to the death of dopaminergic neurons mediated in part by intracellular aggregation of α-Syn. The cause of visual symptoms, however, is less clear. Neuroretinal degeneration due to the presence of aggregated α-Syn has been reported, but the evidence is controversial. Other symptoms including those arising from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) are believed to be the side-effects of medications prescribed for PD...

Perinatal derivatives (PnD) are gaining interest as a source for cell-based therapies. Since the eye is easily accessible to local administration, eye diseases may be excellent candidates to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches. With this work, we performed a systematic review of published preclinical and clinical studies addressing PnD in the treatment of ocular diseases. We have set two specific objectives: (i) to investigate the current level of standardization in applied technical procedures in preclinical studies and (ii) to assess clinical efficacy in clinical trials...

Neuroretinitis spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is generally regarded as an acute or subacute inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, mainly involving the optic nerve and spinal cord, mediated by humoral immunity. To address these questions, this work established an immunomic library of the heavy chain complementarity determinant 3 (gHI-CDR3) of peripheral blood lymphocyte B cell receptors. The library was established in patients with a spectrum of neurosyphilis-retinitis disorders. Six NMOSD patients and six healthy volunteers were recruited, and the NMOSD group was divided into an early-onset group and a stable group according to treatment conditions...

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a kind of irreversible vision loss or disease caused by retinal pigment epithelial cells and neuroretinal degeneration, which has become the main cause of vision loss and blindness of the elderly over 65 years old in developed countries. The main clinical manifestations are cognitive decline, mental symptoms and behavioral disorders, and the gradual decline of daily living ability. In this paper, a feature extraction method of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal based on multi-spectral image fusion of multi-brain regions is proposed based on artificial neural network (ANN)...

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is observed in many brain disorders. Obesity has been linked to ICP pathogenesis in disorders such as idiopathic intracranial pressure (IIH). We investigated the effect of diet induced obesity (DIO) on ICP and clinically relevant sequelae. Rats were fed either a control or high fat diet. Following weight gain long term ICP, headache behavior, body composition and retinal outcome were examined. Post-hoc analysis of retinal histology and molecular analysis of choroid plexus and trigeminal ganglion (TG) were performed...

Reliable biomarkers quantifying neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in central nervous system disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's dementia or Parkinson's disease are an unmet clinical need. Intraretinal layer thicknesses on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) images are promising noninvasive biomarkers querying neuroretinal structures with near cellular resolution. However, changes are typically subtle, while tissue gradients can be weak, making intraretinal segmentation a challenging task...

BACKGROUND: Non-infectious retinal disease, even in the HAART era, continues to be one of the most common diagnoses in patients with HIV, with prevalences of up to 27% of cases. This study aims to characterize the association between demographic variables and their role. As a risk factor for the development of non-opportunistic non-infectious retinal disease in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: An integrative review of the literature was carried out according to Arksey O'Malley's approach, based on the PICO methodology and following the PRISMA recommendations; An exhaustive search was carried out in databases of articles that were filtered using established criteria, with their extraction and analysis carried out qualitatively...

The retina and the optic nerve are considered extensions of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus can serve as the window for evaluation of CNS disorders. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for detailed evaluation of the retina and the optic nerve. OCT can non-invasively document changes in single retina layer thickness and structure due to neuronal and retinal glial cells (RGC) modifications in systemic and local inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. These can include evaluation of retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex, hyper-reflective retinal spots (HRS, sign of activated microglial cells in the retina), subfoveal neuroretinal detachment, disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL), thickness and integrity of the outer retinal layers and choroidal thickness...

Introduction: In 1916, Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis (LISN) was described by Theodore Leber as a rare disease characterized by optic disc swelling associated with a macular star. This fundus appearance can have multiple causes but the etiology of Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis remains unknown. Case report: A 40 year-old man consulted for a progressive decline in visual acuity and a blurred vision in his left eye. Corrected Visual acuity of the left eye was hand motion, Funduscopy of the left eye revealed a stellate maculopathy with loss of foveolar depression and a normal optic disc...

The anterior optic pathway is one of the preferential sites of involvement in CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, with optic neuritis being a common presenting symptom. What is more, optic nerve involvement in these diseases is often subclinical, with optical coherence tomography demonstrating progressive neuroretinal thinning in the absence of optic neuritis. The pathological substrate for these findings is poorly understood and requires investigation...

Purpose: Neuroretinitis (NR) is an inflammatory disorder that presents with painless vision loss due to optic disc edema, peripapillary detachment, and macular lipid exudation. We report the first two documented cases of co-infections of pediatric NR due to Bartonella henselae with HSV and Toxocara cati, respectively. Observations: A 10-year-old female with acute right-sided facial droop, right eye pain, and acute visual loss of the right eye is diagnosed with co-infection of Bartonella and HSV retinitis and is successfully treated with acyclovir, rifampin, and doxycycline...

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (specifically HSV-1 and HSV-2) are greatly prevalent viruses that can cause conjunctivitis, keratitis and other rarer ocular disorders such as acute retinal necrosis syndrome or neuroretinitis. We report a case of an isolated unilateral neuroretinitis with primary HSV infection in an immunocompetent adult without other related clinical features. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with sudden painless central vision loss in her left eye (best corrected visual acuity was 20/200) showing optic disc edema, submacular fluid and a delayed development of a macular star...

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome is a rare and progressive disorder that predominantly affects both the eyes of young female individuals and can threaten visual function. Peripheral ischemia and macular exudation are common findings in patients. The treatment options include panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), systemic immunosuppression, and intravitreal antiangiogenic and corticosteroid therapy. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant is approved for the treatment of nonanterior noninfectious uveitis and diabetic macular edema (ME), with an estimated therapeutic duration of 3 years...

BACKGROUND: Chromosome 4q deletions are rare disorders phenotypically characterized by several features. The most commonly described ocular abnormalities include unilateral microphthalmia with bilateral colobomata, blue sclerae with pigmented retinal clumps, hypermetropia, and a divergent squint. PURPOSE: To report a case of 4q12 deletion with a singular retinal feature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 20-year-old Caucasian female with a history of poliosis, progressive appearance of small areas of skin depigmentation along trunk and limbs since birth and diagnosis of learning deficit was referred for a complete ocular examination...

SIGNIFICANCE: Neuroretinitis classically presents with sudden vision loss, disc edema, and macular star formation. However, the classical triad may not always be seen, especially in the case of a pre-existing macular disorder. A thorough clinical examination may still clinch the appropriate diagnosis and prevent unwarranted treatment. PURPOSE: This study aimed to report a case of neuroretinitis in an adult woman with pre-existing type 2 macular telangiectasia where the classical pattern of exudation could not be seen...

Purpose: We evaluated the patient-control differences and predictive value of the retina as potential biomarkers for schizophrenia. Methods: The institutional study included both eyes of 58 schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) patients (age 37.2 ± 12.3 years) and 35 controls (age 41.1 ± 15.2 years). Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, outer retinal photoreceptor complex, and total macula thicknesses were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT)...